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Lipenga, D amayi 28/6/2001. Interview with author. Mphindo BC, Lilongwe Longwe, H abusa 24/3/2001. Interview with author. BTSM, Lilongwe Magalasi, D mtsikana 11/3/2001. Interview with author. Kanyoni B C, Lilongwe Majowani, L mtsikana 14/9/2001. Interview with author. Chimenya BC, Lilongwe Makhuwira, D amayi busa 6/3/2001. Interview with author. Mtendere B C, Lilongwe Mallungo, H amayi busa 6/3/2001. Interview with author. Mtendere BC, Lilongwe Mitengo, J mtsikana 11/3/2001. Interview with author. Kanyoni B C, Lilongwe Mkaka, R abusa 5/1/2001. Interview with author. Mphindo BC, Lilongwe Mkaka, amayi busa 5/1/2001, 28/6/2001. Interview with author. Mphindo BC Mkuwa, L amayi 28/6/2001. Interview with author. Mphindo BC, Lilongwe Mphalapala, Z amayi 12/6/2001. Interview with author. Chidothi B C, Lilongwe Msiriza, M mtsikana 28/6/2001. Interview with author. Mphindo B C, Lilongwe Mulande, S mtsikana 28/6/2001. Interview with author. Mphindo BC, Lilongwe Mwale, F amayi 19/7/2001. Interview with author. Mtendere B C, Lilongwe Mwansambo, E amayi 24/5/2001. Interview with author. Msambo B C, Lilongwe Mzandu, amayi 5/3/2002. Interview with author. Evangelical Association, Lilongwe Nanjele, E amayi 14/4/2001. Interview with author. Assemblies ofGod, Balaka Ng'oma, E amayi 31/8/2001. Interview with author. BTSM, Lilongwe Ngondo, amayi 12/3/2001. Interview with author. CCAP, Lilongwe Njolomole, amayi 24/5/2001. Interview with author. Msambo BC, Lilongwe Nkhata, R abusa 6/3/2001. Interview with author. Lumbadzi B C, Lilongwe Nsabwe, Z mtsikana 20/3/2001. Interview with author. Msambo BC, Lilongwe Phiri, E amayi 13/7/2001, 14/7/2001. Interview with author. Mzuzu BC, Mzuzu Samu, amayi 13/3/2001. Interview with author. Msambo BC, Lilongwe Sandalamu, L abusa 4/6/2001. Interview with author. Kafumbula BC, Lilongwe Sandaramu, amayi 4/1/2001. Interview with author. Chimenya BC, Lilongwe Saulosi, Z mtsikana 14/9/2001. Interview with author. Chimenya BC, Lilongwe Scott, G amayi 23/10/2001. Interview with author. Oklahoma, America Sinoya, I mtsikana 20/3/2001. Interview with author. Msambo BC, Lilongwe Swafford, C amayi 15/1 0/2001. Interview with author. Alabama, America Uziya, amayi 10/2/2001. Interview with author. Chimenya BC, Lilongwe Wester, B amayi 9/10/2001. Interview with author. Fortworth, Texas, America Zakariya, M amayi 15/9/2001. Interview with author. Chimenya BC, Lilongwe Zuze, amayi 10/2/2001. Interview with author. Chimenya B C, Lilongwe Published sources Adei, Sand G 1996 [1991]. The challenge of parenting: Principles and practice of raising children. Ghana: African Christian Press. Baker, R 1974. The Southern Baptist Convention and its people, 1607-1972. Nashville: Broadman. Bediako, G M 1997. Primal religion and the Bible: William Robertson Smith and his heritage. England: Sheffield Academic Press. Bediako, K 1990. Jesus in African culture: A Ghanaian perspective. Accra: Asempa Publishers. 147
--- 1995. Christianity in Africa: The renewal ofa non-Western religion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Bosch, D 1991. Transforming mission: Paradigm shifts in theology of mission. Maryknoll: Orbis Books. (American Society Missiology series 16.) Bourdillon, M 1990. Religion and society: A textfor Africa. Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press. Buku Lopatulika (Chichewa Bible) 1992. Blantyre: The Bible Society ofMalawi. Cox, J L (ed) 1998. Rites ofpassage in contemporary Africa: Interaction between Christian and African traditional religions. Cardiff: CardiffAcademic Press. Chakanza, J C 1998. Unfinished agenda: Puberty rites and the response of the Roman Catholic Church in Southern Malawi, 1901-1994 in Cox, J L (ed) 1998. Rites of passage in contemporary Africa: Interation between Christian and African traditional religions. Cardiff: CardiffAcademic Press. Chingota, F 1998. A historical account ofthe attitude ofBlantyre Synod of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian towards initiation rites in Cox, (ed) 1998. Rites of passage in contemporary Africa: Interation between Christian and African traditional religions. Cardiff: CardiffAcademic Press. Maps (A and B) 1996. Blantyre:Department of Surveys. Edet, RN 1992. Christianity and African women's rituals in Oduyoye, M A and Kanyoro, RA M. The will to arise: Tradition and the church in Africa. New York: Orbis Books. Estep, W R 1987. The Baptist Witness: A concise Baptist history. Texa: Carib Baptist Publications. Fiedler, K 1996. Christianity and African culture: Conservative German Protestant Missionaries in Tanzania, 1900-1940. Blantyre: CLAIM. (Kachere Monograph 9.) Fletcher, J C 1994. The Southern Baptist Convention: A sesquicentennial history. Nashville: Broadman and Holman. Gehman, R 1989. African traditional religion in Biblical perspective. Kenya: Kesho Publications. ___ 1999. Who are the living dead? Nairobi: Evangel Publishing House. Hastings, A 1996 [1994]. The Church in Africa, 1450-1950. Oxford: Claredon Press. Hiebert, P G, Shaw, R D & Tienou, T 1999. Understanding folk religion: a Christian response to popular beliefs andpractices. Grand Rapids: Baker Books. Hinga, T M 1998. Christianity and female puberty rites in Africa: The Agikuyu case in Cox, (ed) 1998. Rites of passage in contemporary Africa: Interaction between Christian and African traditional religions. Cardiff: CardiffAcademic Press. The Holy Bible, NW. 1984 [1973]. Colorado: International Bible Society. 148
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FROM CHINAMWALI TO CHILANGIZO: THE
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MWACHIDULE Chimangiriro ichi chikuf
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION n ABS
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MAPS........................•...
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1. INTRODUCTION Ntchembere yanzeru,
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My motivation, therefore, in the st
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In her work, Women, Presbyterianism
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This study covers female initiation
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vation and interviewing. The method
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church leaders, both men and women,
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Scriptures in order to understand w
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2. THE 'RELIGIOUS ITINERARY'? OF TH
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name of a person or his title to de
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lineage, and the whole community. F
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cross boundaries), and ziwanda ('ev
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ciation and 'celebration ofthe powe
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3. THE EMERGENCE OF THE SOUTHERN BA
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(2001:12) points out, three things
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tongues. Hilary Mijoga (1998:31) no
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2002). The two groups continued sep
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instrumental in supporting the idea
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On the mission field not all missio
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Autonomy is a term which expresses
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that our likulu is in heaven, and t
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Chewa is that menstrual blood is sa
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girls are 'captured' and put in the
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nity of both the living and the anc
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evil intentions at the initiation c
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Makanja or namkhwanya are masked da
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The first day's activities end with
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Then at the end ofthe song all the
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In the evening the initiates perfon
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While singing the same song above,
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the other being 'cutting' one's thr
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ishing them, especially if any of t
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stand and makes her jump over the s
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has her menses. Ulemu is also manif
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Teaching on the observance of taboo
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importance of the ritual. The prese
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When they are buried in the ground,
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5. CHILANGIZO: A CHRISTIAN RESPONSE
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Merely to condemn their rites and g
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Adopting the Christian faith, as Wa
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She mentioned that she did not know
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espectively (with pennission) ofbot
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port the teaching. The instruction
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6.2 CHILANGIZO CEREMONY AT CHIMENYA
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elderly people to mill their maize,
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women repeated most of what had bee
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There are dos and donts!' The whole
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Traditional beliefs. Things do chan
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such as phada (girls' game ofjumpin
Page 106 and 107: All the three ceremonies show that
Page 108 and 109: Generally, rituals Help people reme
Page 110 and 111: Human life is seen as a unity betwe
Page 112 and 113: The three case studies ofzilangizo
Page 114 and 115: With regard to the teaching content
Page 116 and 117: The booklet does not give instructi
Page 118 and 119: nences too great a strain as well a
Page 120 and 121: 7. CONCLUSION: TOWARDS A CHRISTIAN
Page 122 and 123: The Scriptures say a great deal abo
Page 124 and 125: it is the mother who is normally ac
Page 126: about the fact that 'chikondi chang
Page 129 and 130: married couples as well, it would a
Page 131 and 132: social' (Oduyoye 1992:9). Through d
Page 133 and 134: seclusion until the chinamwali cere
Page 135 and 136: Please note that singing, dancing,
Page 137 and 138: The meaning is that this is the cou
Page 139 and 140: 9. Ndinu mudanlenga inetu eee! Muda
Page 141 and 142: Onse azibvina akugwira thupi lawo n
Page 143 and 144: tion and gift-giving time. While al
Page 145 and 146: 7.5 CONCLUSION The aim of this litu
Page 147 and 148: Chapter two 7. See Howell, A (2001)
Page 149 and 150: also be either a Christian or a non
Page 151 and 152: 51. Chingondo must have a very sign
Page 153 and 154: Chapter six 67. Although the pastor
Page 155: SOURCES CONSULTED 1. Primary source
Page 159 and 160: The National Atlas ofMalawi, 1983.
Page 161 and 162: DeGabriele, J 1999. When pills don'
Page 163 and 164: GLOSSARY OF CHEWA WORDS· Abambo Ab
Page 165: Mkuzi M1andu Mmeto Mnjeza Mpalo str
Page 169 and 170: PLATE 3 Chingondo - On the Head of
Page 171 and 172: PLATES Chilangizo at Mphindo Baptis
Page 173 and 174: chiefs house so that we could light
Page 175 and 176: going round the village they would
Page 177 and 178: all join in ululating and take the
Page 179 and 180: girls, covered all round with cloth
Page 181 and 182: 9. Mkanda de, mkanda wa mkamwa Ndat
Page 183 and 184: I left for the ground when a messag
Page 185 and 186: The girls danced for a while and th
Page 187 and 188: , Many infonnants called mkangali t
Page 189 and 190: Meaning: This is the time to be cou
Page 191 and 192: would punish her in different ways,
Page 193 and 194: Akakwatana. When in marriage. A dra
Page 195 and 196: 58. Ndamvera kwathu, yaya Mwana wan
Page 197 and 198: The Chingondo (Headcrown) Ritual We
Page 199 and 200: frightening them, or punishing them
Page 201 and 202: dancing team. After dancing for a w
Page 203 and 204: They are however, reminded that aft
Page 206 and 207:
APPENDIX D (Translated with permiss
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for a while from norrnallife and pu
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Gwiritsani ntchito ndime zalembedwa
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Ndi udindo wa alangizi kukonza maph
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Machembere ayenera kumawafupa atsik
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Anthu onse nkuseka. Ndipo anamkungw
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Amayiwo ayenera kusonyeza ntchito y
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Adzichitira ulemu nyumba ya Mulungu
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