78. Both Christian and non-Christian informants made this remark to me. In addition to remarks from the Baptist circles, one Presbyterian woman leader, Mrs. Mzandu, who is also a Women's Coordinator with the Evangelical Association of Malawi, remarked that she had witnessed more than two couples who divorced soon after marriage because the women did not have the elongated labia minora. She emphasized how serious the issue is in some ethnic groups in the country. However, in my field work, when I asked the Chewa women as to what they think about the ethnic groups who do female circumcision (like the Agikuyu in Kenya, [Hinga 1998: 168-179)), and those who do nothing to the labia minora; their reaction was that they thought elongation of the labia minora was a universal practice. They did not believe there is female circumcision. 79. This communitas in Lilongwe Association is also evidenced in the women's weekly Bible Study groups, montWy meetings for fellowship, prayer and encouragement; in weddings; and in funerals. Women, more than men, show their solidarity in many ofthe social interactions. This will, to some degree, parallel the initiation of young girls before puberty as performed in Southern Malawi (see Banda 2001: 193-227). 81. Pre-puberty instruction guide is given at the beginning ofthe second section. 82. The churches can utilise programmes that are already in use in the churches to teach the young people sexual abstinence until marriage, such as TRUE LOVE WAITS programme. 83. Banda (200 I) shows that in the Southern Malawi there is also a lot of instruction on sex in marriage in addition to purity before marriage. However, the Church needs to be sensitive here on sex education to the young women before marriage. 84. Part of the ceremony was constructed by one of the alangizi groups and the rest is mine. It is in the process ofbeing developed. But it has not yet been used at the actual chinamwali. 145
SOURCES CONSULTED 1. Primary sources Interviews Alangizi focus group 8/4, 12/6,26/8/2001. Interview with author. Chidothi B C, Li10ngwe Alangizi focus group 16/8/2001, 14/9/2001. Interview with author. Chimenya BC, Li10ngwe Alangizi focus group, Lilongwe urban 13/8,3/10/2001. Interview with author. BTSM Alangizi focus group 24/5, 21/6, 2/8/2001. Interview with author. Msambo BC, Lilongwe Amayi busa group 29/8/2001, Interview with author. BTSM, Lilongwe Amayi (women) group 13/3/2001. Interview with author. Msambo BC, Lilongwe Amayi group 15/3/2001. Interview with author. Mtendere BC, Lilongwe Atsikana (girls) focus group 14/9/2001. Interview with author. Chimenya BC, Lilongwe Atsikana focus group 20/3/2001. Interview with author. Msambo BC, Lilongwe Bakali, M mtsikana 20/3/2001. Interview with author. Msambo BC, Lilongwe Banda, C mtsikana 11/3/2001. Interview with author. Kanyoni BC, Lilongwe Banda, B K abusa 8/1/2001. Interview with author. Falls BC, Lilongwe Banda, amayi busa 8/1/2001. Interview with author. Falls BC, Lilongwe Banda, R amayi 15/5/2001. Interview with author. Zomba BC, Zomba Bauleni, E mtsikana 14/9/2001. Interview with author. Chimenya BC, Lilongwe Bitoni, R amayi 12/6/2001. Interview with author. Chidothi B C, Lilongwe Chapata, amayi 5/4/2001. Interview with author. CCAP, Lilongwe Chibwinja, abusa Jan.-Mar./2001. Interview with author. Nathenje BC, Lilongwe Chibwinja, amayi busa Jan-Mar 2001. Interview with author. Nathenje BC, Lilongwe Chief, Christian 27/2/2001. Interview with author. T/A Chadza, Lilongwe Chiefs, traditional Jan-Feb 2001. Interview with author. T/A Chadza, Lilongwe Chimenya, abusa 28/12/2000. Interview with author. Chimenya BC, Lilongwe Chimenya, amayi busa 28/12/2000, 4/1/2001. Interview with author. Chimenya BC Chinyama, M amayi15/9/2001. Interview with author. Chimenya BC, Lilongwe Chisi, Wabusa 15/3/2001. Interview with author. Ufulu BC, Lilongwe Chiwayu, abusa 2/7/2001. Interview with author. Mchinji B C, Mchinji Fiedler, K bambo 11/3/2001. Interview with author. Chancellor College, Zomba Galatiya, M amayi busa 31/?/2001. Interview with author. BTSM, Lilongwe Geviyala, N mtsikana 20/3/2001. Interview with author. Msambo B C, Lilongwe I interviewed seventeen (17) informants associated with chinamwali and did not wish their names to be included. Hasirodi, amayi 27/2/2001. Interview with author. Church of Christ, Lilongwe Jemusi, amayi 21/6/2001. Interview with author. Msambo B C, Lilongwe Kachipande, amayi 24/5/2001. Interview with author. Msambo B C, Lilongwe Kachipande, abambo 2/5/2001. Interview with author. Msambo BC, Lilongwe Kalowarnnyanga, abusa 6/3/2001. Interview with author. BTSM, Lilongwe Kalua, amayi 26/6/2001. Interview with author. Area 23 B C, Lilongwe Kanama, amayi 4/1/2001. Interview with author. Chimenya B C, Lilongwe Kanowa, amayi busa 31/8/2001. Interview with author. BTSM, Lilongwe Kapaya, amayi 16/6/2001. Interview with author. Namitete BC, Lilongwe Katsoka, amayi 28/12/2000. Interview with author. Chimenya BC, Lilongwe Kingsley, amayi 29/8/2001 and 9/1 0/200 1. Interview with author. BTSM, Lilongwe Kumwembe, E amayi 26/6/2001. Interview with author. Lilongwe B C, Lilongwe 146
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FROM CHINAMWALI TO CHILANGIZO: THE
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MWACHIDULE Chimangiriro ichi chikuf
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION n ABS
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MAPS........................•...
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1. INTRODUCTION Ntchembere yanzeru,
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My motivation, therefore, in the st
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In her work, Women, Presbyterianism
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This study covers female initiation
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vation and interviewing. The method
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church leaders, both men and women,
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Scriptures in order to understand w
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2. THE 'RELIGIOUS ITINERARY'? OF TH
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name of a person or his title to de
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lineage, and the whole community. F
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cross boundaries), and ziwanda ('ev
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ciation and 'celebration ofthe powe
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3. THE EMERGENCE OF THE SOUTHERN BA
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(2001:12) points out, three things
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tongues. Hilary Mijoga (1998:31) no
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2002). The two groups continued sep
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instrumental in supporting the idea
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On the mission field not all missio
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Autonomy is a term which expresses
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that our likulu is in heaven, and t
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Chewa is that menstrual blood is sa
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girls are 'captured' and put in the
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nity of both the living and the anc
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evil intentions at the initiation c
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Makanja or namkhwanya are masked da
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The first day's activities end with
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Then at the end ofthe song all the
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In the evening the initiates perfon
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While singing the same song above,
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the other being 'cutting' one's thr
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ishing them, especially if any of t
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stand and makes her jump over the s
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has her menses. Ulemu is also manif
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Teaching on the observance of taboo
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importance of the ritual. The prese
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When they are buried in the ground,
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5. CHILANGIZO: A CHRISTIAN RESPONSE
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Merely to condemn their rites and g
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Adopting the Christian faith, as Wa
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She mentioned that she did not know
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espectively (with pennission) ofbot
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port the teaching. The instruction
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6.2 CHILANGIZO CEREMONY AT CHIMENYA
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elderly people to mill their maize,
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women repeated most of what had bee
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There are dos and donts!' The whole
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Traditional beliefs. Things do chan
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- Page 149 and 150: also be either a Christian or a non
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- Page 161 and 162: DeGabriele, J 1999. When pills don'
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APPENDIX D (Translated with permiss
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for a while from norrnallife and pu
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Gwiritsani ntchito ndime zalembedwa
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Ndi udindo wa alangizi kukonza maph
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Machembere ayenera kumawafupa atsik
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Anthu onse nkuseka. Ndipo anamkungw
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Amayiwo ayenera kusonyeza ntchito y
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Adzichitira ulemu nyumba ya Mulungu