FROM CHINAMWALI TO CHILANGIZO:

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After school, one girl goes straight home while the other two go somewhere else with their boyfriends and reach home later. When their mothers ask them why they always come later, they say they were doing some work at school. After sometime, one girl becomes pregnant and stops school. The boy refuses responsibility and gets away with it. The girl is very upset and sad about it, but she can't do anything. Her parents also are angry with her. After having a baby, she is always sick, and her mother, a business woman, has no time to take care of her and the baby. She envies her friend who finished school and wedded in church. Her health deteriorates and she dies, leaving the baby. At the funeral people were asking each other 'did she not die of this deadly dis ease called HIV/AIDS?' Potsiriza atsikana onse adaimba, akuzungulira, ndikugwedeza mapewa kusonyeza kukana. They end by singing while going round and moving their shoulders demonstrating refusal: 17. [ne toto, ine toto [ne, toto'edzi ndaikana Mankhwala sikondomu, ine toto Edzi ndaikana Mankhwala nkuziletsa, Kudziletsa annanu, kudziletsa Edzi ndaikana. Me no no, me no no Me, no, no, AIDS I have refused it Medicine is not condom, me no no AIDS I have refused it Medicine is self-control, Self-control you children, self-control AIDS I have refused it. Alangizi alongosolele bwino bwino za kuopsya kwake kwa matenda opatsirana kudzera muchiwere-were monga chizonono kapena chindoko. Koma makamaka matenda a masiku ano a RN/AIDS amene alibe mankhwala ochiritsa. Mankhwala abwino ochinjiriza ndiwo a kudziletsa, osachita chigololo. Atsikana osakwatiwa asalole kugona ndi mwamuna amene akugwiritsa ntchito makondomu. Ayenera kulemekeza Mulungu mwa kusunga thupi lake moyenera. The instructresses should explain well the danger of contracting venereal diseases like syphilis or gonorrhoea. The most deadly disease is HIV/AIDS which has no cure. The best remedy is a selfcontrolled lifestyle, not indulging in sexual immorality. Unmarried girls should not even agree to sleep with men who use condoms. The girls must honour God by keeping their bodies pure. Potsiriza nthawi yammamawa alangizi amusambitse mtsikanayo ndi madzi ofunda, abvale zobvala zabwino. Mutsimbamo ayenera kukonza bwino. Ndi nthawi yoti atsirize kumulanga akumusupa mtsikanayo. Mai a mwanayo ayenera kuyamba gawo limeneli. Adzimuyamikira kapena kumuzuzula uku akuponya ndalama pamtsikanayo. Onse achibale akatha, alangizi aonjezere ndi kutsirira ndemanga pa mau a makolo. Wena wonse achitenso chimodzimodzi, kuponya ndalama pamene akumulangiza. Alangizi berezenso ziphunzitso ziri mmunsimu. At the end in the early morning hours the instructresses should bath the initiate with warm water and let her wear nice clothes. They should clean the room, ready for the last section of the instruc- 133
tion and gift-giving time. While all are seated, the mother should begin commending and rebuking the initiate while throwing her gifts to the girl. Other relatives should follow. The instructresses should repeat for emphasis where necessary. The rest do likewise while throwing their gifts. The instructresses should repeat instruction on the following points: Lero mwakula chifukwa cha chikondi cha Mulungu. Yesu adanena kuti lamulo lalikulu ndi kukonda Mulungu ndi mtima wako wonse, ndi moyo wako wonse, ndi nzeru zako zonse, ndi mphamvu yako yonse, ndi kukonda mzanko monga udzikonda mwini (Marko 12:30-31). Chikondi choterechi chidzakupangitsa iwe kumvera izi: Today you are now an adult because of God's love. Jesus said that the greatest command is 'to love God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind, and with all your strength,' followed by loving your friend as you love yourself (Mark 12:30-31). This kind of love should be the driving force for you to obey these things: Asamasewere ndi ana ochepa msinkhu popeza iye wateremu wakula tsopano. Not to play with children since she has now matured. Adzilemekeza makolo, mafumu ndi akulu. To respect parents, chiefs and elders. Adzikhala womvera. To be obedient. Adzipewa mabodza, kuba, ndi ndeu. To avoid lying, stealing, and fighting. Adzikhala wolimbikira pa kugwira ntchito pakhomo, mmudzi, ndi kumpingo. To be industrious in the home, in the village, and in the church. Adzilimbika kupita kuchalichi kukapemphera. To be committed in attending church services. Asamalumbira ndi kutchula dzina la Mulungu pachabe. Not to swear and mention God's name in vain. Adzichitira ulemu nyumba ya Mulungu. To respect God's house. Alangizi aptirize kulimbikitsa kuti kubvinidwa kotereku kukukhadzikitsa uChewa wake komanso chiKhristu chache. Ndipo khalidwe lake losinthika lidzakhala 134
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FROM CHINAMWALI TO CHILANGIZO: THE
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MWACHIDULE Chimangiriro ichi chikuf
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION n ABS
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MAPS........................•...
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1. INTRODUCTION Ntchembere yanzeru,
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My motivation, therefore, in the st
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In her work, Women, Presbyterianism
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This study covers female initiation
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vation and interviewing. The method
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church leaders, both men and women,
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Scriptures in order to understand w
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2. THE 'RELIGIOUS ITINERARY'? OF TH
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name of a person or his title to de
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lineage, and the whole community. F
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cross boundaries), and ziwanda ('ev
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ciation and 'celebration ofthe powe
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3. THE EMERGENCE OF THE SOUTHERN BA
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(2001:12) points out, three things
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tongues. Hilary Mijoga (1998:31) no
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2002). The two groups continued sep
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instrumental in supporting the idea
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On the mission field not all missio
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Autonomy is a term which expresses
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that our likulu is in heaven, and t
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Chewa is that menstrual blood is sa
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girls are 'captured' and put in the
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nity of both the living and the anc
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evil intentions at the initiation c
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Makanja or namkhwanya are masked da
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The first day's activities end with
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Then at the end ofthe song all the
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In the evening the initiates perfon
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While singing the same song above,
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the other being 'cutting' one's thr
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ishing them, especially if any of t
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stand and makes her jump over the s
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has her menses. Ulemu is also manif
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Teaching on the observance of taboo
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importance of the ritual. The prese
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When they are buried in the ground,
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5. CHILANGIZO: A CHRISTIAN RESPONSE
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Merely to condemn their rites and g
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Adopting the Christian faith, as Wa
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She mentioned that she did not know
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espectively (with pennission) ofbot
Page 92 and 93: port the teaching. The instruction
Page 94 and 95: 6.2 CHILANGIZO CEREMONY AT CHIMENYA
Page 96 and 97: elderly people to mill their maize,
Page 98 and 99: women repeated most of what had bee
Page 100 and 101: There are dos and donts!' The whole
Page 102 and 103: Traditional beliefs. Things do chan
Page 104 and 105: such as phada (girls' game ofjumpin
Page 106 and 107: All the three ceremonies show that
Page 108 and 109: Generally, rituals Help people reme
Page 110 and 111: Human life is seen as a unity betwe
Page 112 and 113: The three case studies ofzilangizo
Page 114 and 115: With regard to the teaching content
Page 116 and 117: The booklet does not give instructi
Page 118 and 119: nences too great a strain as well a
Page 120 and 121: 7. CONCLUSION: TOWARDS A CHRISTIAN
Page 122 and 123: The Scriptures say a great deal abo
Page 124 and 125: it is the mother who is normally ac
Page 126: about the fact that 'chikondi chang
Page 129 and 130: married couples as well, it would a
Page 131 and 132: social' (Oduyoye 1992:9). Through d
Page 133 and 134: seclusion until the chinamwali cere
Page 135 and 136: Please note that singing, dancing,
Page 137 and 138: The meaning is that this is the cou
Page 139 and 140: 9. Ndinu mudanlenga inetu eee! Muda
Page 141: Onse azibvina akugwira thupi lawo n
Page 145 and 146: 7.5 CONCLUSION The aim of this litu
Page 147 and 148: Chapter two 7. See Howell, A (2001)
Page 149 and 150: also be either a Christian or a non
Page 151 and 152: 51. Chingondo must have a very sign
Page 153 and 154: Chapter six 67. Although the pastor
Page 155 and 156: SOURCES CONSULTED 1. Primary source
Page 157 and 158: --- 1995. Christianity in Africa: T
Page 159 and 160: The National Atlas ofMalawi, 1983.
Page 161 and 162: DeGabriele, J 1999. When pills don'
Page 163 and 164: GLOSSARY OF CHEWA WORDS· Abambo Ab
Page 165: Mkuzi M1andu Mmeto Mnjeza Mpalo str
Page 169 and 170: PLATE 3 Chingondo - On the Head of
Page 171 and 172: PLATES Chilangizo at Mphindo Baptis
Page 173 and 174: chiefs house so that we could light
Page 175 and 176: going round the village they would
Page 177 and 178: all join in ululating and take the
Page 179 and 180: girls, covered all round with cloth
Page 181 and 182: 9. Mkanda de, mkanda wa mkamwa Ndat
Page 183 and 184: I left for the ground when a messag
Page 185 and 186: The girls danced for a while and th
Page 187 and 188: , Many infonnants called mkangali t
Page 189 and 190: Meaning: This is the time to be cou
Page 191 and 192: would punish her in different ways,
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Akakwatana. When in marriage. A dra
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58. Ndamvera kwathu, yaya Mwana wan
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The Chingondo (Headcrown) Ritual We
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frightening them, or punishing them
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dancing team. After dancing for a w
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They are however, reminded that aft
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APPENDIX D (Translated with permiss
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for a while from norrnallife and pu
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Gwiritsani ntchito ndime zalembedwa
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Ndi udindo wa alangizi kukonza maph
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Machembere ayenera kumawafupa atsik
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Anthu onse nkuseka. Ndipo anamkungw
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Amayiwo ayenera kusonyeza ntchito y
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Adzichitira ulemu nyumba ya Mulungu
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