A Study of Shelters for Street Children from an Organizational ...
A Study of Shelters for Street Children from an Organizational ... A Study of Shelters for Street Children from an Organizational ...
2.2 The Reality of Children living and/or Working on the Streets The phenomenon of children living and/or working on the streets is a social reality, a reality that imposes itself on society in a manner that demands society's response. Durkheim, (in Babbie and Mouton, 2001: 22) posited that in every society there are 'social facts' which exert influence on individuals by being or having an existence independent of the individual. In this regard, the phenomenon of children living and/or working on the streets exerts a unique survival culture on individual street child, and similarly influences mainline society to respond. It could be argued, borrowing from Durkheim's analysis, that there exists a causal relation between factors which cause families and communities to be dysfunctional and the phenomenon of children living and/or working on the streets (Babbie, and Mouton, 2001: 23). According to Babbie and Mouton (2001 :XXI) people create structures that facilitate interactions between them in this regard, the interactions between families/communities from where children come from could be the subject of analysis and from the families point of view because what is known about them is what children say (Ennew, 1994). Human interactions are based on relationships which are binding to individuals in society. Some of these relationships are based on the level of bonding between individuals. It could be argued that the external factors impacting and disrupting the bond between families and communities to the extent that they become dysfunctional need analysis, because families and communities are part of the primary agents of socialisation (Giddens, 1976; 1979; 1991). The link between children, families, communities and external factors, which weaken the bonding have to be understood within a broader context of other linked and interrelated factors, they too are influenced by other larger and powerful factors, e.g. un-employment could arise due to poor or lack of education and health of an individual on one hand, but be linked to poor performing economic activity in a country and the capacity of open, transparent and accountable governance. And this would plausibly be linked to bilateral or multilateral relations with other nations who would be trading with a particular country (htlp:/Iwww.wto.org:15/5/2003).This notion leads to concerns that social scientists endeavour to possibly decipher the interrelatedness of human relations within the global context. Wolf, (1982) and Mills, (1971) argues that human interactions and relations are interconnected. 17
To perceive human social reality as an interconnected web of inseparable social structures whereby national and international borderlines are blurred makes it difficult to determine where one ends and the other begins. The linkage would plausibly link factors that trigger the phenomenon of children living and/or working on the streets to the global dimensions. In this regard, it would be logical to highlight the multi dimensional and multinational complexity of the phenomenon. In this light, what is perceived as reality thus (children living and/or working on the streets) is derived from other deeper and far-reaching multiple and interlinked factors both local and international, and if this complexity is ignored, the true reality would be obscured or falsely represented (Fay, 1996:50-53; Wolf, 1982: 6-7). This realisation is significant for shelters because they needed to have an impact on the rising number of children living and/or working on the streets to ensure their validity of purpose and existence in the eyes of the public and society (http://www.worldbank.org/html: 30/4/2003). To understand the reality of children living and/or working on the streets within a broader context, one needs to go beyond the children's social world on the streets, be it as an individual or a group. Subsequently, it could be argued that cognisant of the interconnections within the human social interactions, shelter's intervention and reintegration programs needed to address all factors which push or pull children to living or working on the streets. It would be logical for shelters to include in their programs a dimension that could lobby and advocate for global efforts to monitor causes that influence the rising numbers of children living and working on the streets. Babbie and Mouton, (2001 :XXIII) state that social scientists construe meaning of human relationships, looking into all the variables involved in the relationships. In relation to the factors that give rise to children living and/or working on the streets intervention/reintegration programs do not seem to deal with all the factors. However there are world bodies or organisations who either deal directly or indirectly or have in their agenda, the phenomenon of children living and/or working on the streets, e.g. United Nations Children's' Fund (UNICEF) (http://www.unicef.org: 26/03/003), the World Bank (http://www.worldbank.org/html: 30/4/2003), the World Health Organisation (WHO) (http://www.who.inUsubstance_abusel: 28/04/003), the International Labour Organisation (ILO) (http://www.ilo.org: 23/4/003), etc. Most of these organisations have coordinated programs in certain different countries. This perspective gives the phenomenon a global dimension and raises the prospects of comparative studies on 18
- Page 1: A Study of Shelters for Street Chil
- Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend my sincer
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2.2 The Reality <strong>of</strong> <strong>Children</strong> living <strong>an</strong>d/or Working on the <strong>Street</strong>s<br />
The phenomenon <strong>of</strong> children living <strong>an</strong>d/or working on the streets is a social reality, a<br />
reality that imposes itself on society in a m<strong>an</strong>ner that dem<strong>an</strong>ds society's response.<br />
Durkheim, (in Babbie <strong>an</strong>d Mouton, 2001: 22) posited that in every society there are<br />
'social facts' which exert influence on individuals by being or having <strong>an</strong> existence<br />
independent <strong>of</strong> the individual. In this regard, the phenomenon <strong>of</strong> children living <strong>an</strong>d/or<br />
working on the streets exerts a unique survival culture on individual street child, <strong>an</strong>d<br />
similarly influences mainline society to respond. It could be argued, borrowing <strong>from</strong><br />
Durkheim's <strong>an</strong>alysis, that there exists a causal relation between factors which cause<br />
families <strong>an</strong>d communities to be dysfunctional <strong>an</strong>d the phenomenon <strong>of</strong> children living<br />
<strong>an</strong>d/or working on the streets (Babbie, <strong>an</strong>d Mouton, 2001: 23). According to Babbie<br />
<strong>an</strong>d Mouton (2001 :XXI) people create structures that facilitate interactions between<br />
them in this regard, the interactions between families/communities <strong>from</strong> where children<br />
come <strong>from</strong> could be the subject <strong>of</strong> <strong>an</strong>alysis <strong>an</strong>d <strong>from</strong> the families point <strong>of</strong> view because<br />
what is known about them is what children say (Ennew, 1994).<br />
Hum<strong>an</strong> interactions are based on relationships which are binding to individuals in<br />
society. Some <strong>of</strong> these relationships are based on the level <strong>of</strong> bonding between<br />
individuals. It could be argued that the external factors impacting <strong>an</strong>d disrupting the<br />
bond between families <strong>an</strong>d communities to the extent that they become dysfunctional<br />
need <strong>an</strong>alysis, because families <strong>an</strong>d communities are part <strong>of</strong> the primary agents <strong>of</strong><br />
socialisation (Giddens, 1976; 1979; 1991). The link between children, families,<br />
communities <strong>an</strong>d external factors, which weaken the bonding have to be understood<br />
within a broader context <strong>of</strong> other linked <strong>an</strong>d interrelated factors, they too are influenced<br />
by other larger <strong>an</strong>d powerful factors, e.g. un-employment could arise due to poor or<br />
lack <strong>of</strong> education <strong>an</strong>d health <strong>of</strong> <strong>an</strong> individual on one h<strong>an</strong>d, but be linked to poor<br />
per<strong>for</strong>ming economic activity in a country <strong>an</strong>d the capacity <strong>of</strong> open, tr<strong>an</strong>sparent <strong>an</strong>d<br />
accountable govern<strong>an</strong>ce. And this would plausibly be linked to bilateral or multilateral<br />
relations with other nations who would be trading with a particular country<br />
(htlp:/Iwww.wto.org:15/5/2003).This notion leads to concerns that social scientists<br />
endeavour to possibly decipher the interrelatedness <strong>of</strong> hum<strong>an</strong> relations within the<br />
global context. Wolf, (1982) <strong>an</strong>d Mills, (1971) argues that hum<strong>an</strong> interactions <strong>an</strong>d<br />
relations are interconnected.<br />
17
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