A Study of Shelters for Street Children from an Organizational ...

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1.1 Historical Background CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The period before the end of the 20 th and the beginning of the 21 st centuries is a time marked by rapid social change in all sectors of human history, and Binde, Shayegan and Touraine, taking part in a debate at UNESCO Head-quarters argued that the period was the beginning of modernity coupled with globalisation (http://www.unesco.org:24/5/2003).Ontheissueofglobalisation.Calhoun and Keller (1997) argue that modem states struggle to maintain a steady course in global markets. This period witnessed two world wars, also the creation of the League of Nations, which later became the United Nations whose main aim and objective was to monitor and guard against the possibilities of another world war (http://www.globalactionpw.org: 25/6/2003). But the world has witnessed several minor but very horrific wars and civil strife with immeasurable loss of life particularly in Africa, e.g. the genocide in Rwanda (http://www.yale.edu/gsp/rwanda: 25/6/2003). Rapid social change through industrialisation and urbanisation, together with the wars in many parts of the world particularly Africa, are part of the factors contributing to the phenomenon of children living and/or working on the streets (Schurink, 1993; Swart, 1991). This is because the impact of rapid social change and civil wars disrupt the lives of families and communities making them vulnerable and dysfunctional; consequently triggers the phenomenon of children living and/or working on the streets. Previous studies have noted that the phenomenon is universal and growing rather than decreasing and in particular in Africa especially in the urban centres of Sub-Saharan Africa (http://www.streetkids.netlinfoI:23/4/2002;http:/Iunesdoc.unescO.org: 23/4/2002). Research conducted in different regions of the world and by different researchers highlighted the plight of children living and/or working on the streets thereby evoking a social response to address the children's' plight (Boikanyo and Donnell, 1997; Desmond and Gow, 2001; Kilbourn, 1997; McAdoo and McAdoo, 1985; Michaels, 1992; Richer, 1991; Swart, 1991 ). Government agencies, world bodies and/organisations, together with NGOs responded to the plight of children living and/or working on the streets by means of various and varied programs including shelters and 1
children's homes. In 1996 the European Union organized a conference of streets and working children, role players comprised of European NGO's, Govemment Ministers, officials of the European Commission and the Council of Europe, intemational institutions such as UNICEF, WHO, OECD, and UNESCO and prominent academics. The conference noted that the phenomenon of children living and working on the streets is worldwide and growing, and agreed that there was a lack of recognition both by govemments and by the general public of the escalating problems facing the increasing number of children living and working in the streets. In this regard, the meeting aimed at establishing a network of agencies working with children living and working on the streets, initially in Europe but with a view to develop it into a global network including developing countries (http://www.enscw.org/eng/history.htm: 23/4/2003). The European Union at that time was the only region of the world that had put in place a network that coordinates the work of organisations and agencies that intervene in the children's lives. This thought we shall explore further in chapter two because it is significant to the study and the phenomenon of children living and working on the streets, together with intervention programs. Literature on children living and working on the streets confirms the argument that there are many factors which contribute to the growth and increase of the phenomenon. The factors hinge on family dysfunction due to rapid urbanization, economic hardships, political changes, civil unrest, wars, as well as natural disasters and the spread of diseases (Boikanyo and Donnell, 1997; Desmond and Gow, 2001; Kilboum, 1997; Richer, 1991; Swart, 1991; http://www.who.inUarchives/html: 26/4/2003). Accordingly children living and working on the streets are perceived and described as being at high risk and vulnerable to abuse and disease. HIV/AIDS is a significant component within the many ailments that children suffer from. The pandemic infects and affect the children, and has added a complex dimension and urgency to the phenomenon of children living and working on the streets (Boikanyo and Donnell, 1997; http://www.who.inUarchives/html:26/4/2003).ltimpacts on the children in two ways, first by infecting individual children due to their exposure to early sex practices without condoms (Boikanyo and Donnell, 1997; Swart, 1991). Secondly, death of relatives and guardians contributes to the population of disadvantaged children in difficult circumstances and in need of care (http://allafrica.com:23/3/2002; http://www.who.inUstreet_children:21/2/2002). HIV/AIDS, in this regard, is a 2
Page 1: A Study of Shelters for Street Chil
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend my sincer
Page 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 0 NE 1 IN
Page 9: LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Showing the
Page 13 and 14: specifically in its policies (http:
Page 15 and 16: Hosken, (2004) in an article titled
Page 17 and 18: 1.5 The Purpose and Objective of th
Page 19 and 20: names of the shelters have been ren
Page 21 and 22: 1.8.2 Organizationalll1eory Shelter
Page 23 and 24: Chapter Four: Data analysis. The ch
Page 25 and 26: communities posing enormous challen
Page 27 and 28: To perceive human social reality as
Page 29 and 30: Shelter's intervention/reintegratio
Page 32 and 33: 2.4 Definitions The focus of the re
Page 35: enforcement officers, outreach work
Page 40 and 41: 3.1 Introduction CHAPTER THREE RESE
Page 42 and 43: given to the demands of shelter pro
Page 44 and 45: views and perceptions over the topi
Page 46 and 47: 3.4 The Researcher in Qualitative I
Page 48 and 49: which means children there, are sta
Page 51 and 52: paid to the recording devices. The
Page 53 and 54: esearchers need to agree or disagre
Page 55 and 56: • Staff morale was high when moti
Page 57 and 58: 3.11 Ethical Considerations Babbie
Page 59 and 60: 4.1 Introduction CHAPTER FOUR OATA
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4.2. Shelters Services and Programs
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children with their families where
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y the shelter's philosophy, goals,
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4.2.5 Shelter Routine and Regulatio
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4.2.6 Policy on Visitors The four s
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children played; this was done depe
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living and/or working on the street
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4.3.1 Structure and physical locati
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Apart from management of shelters,
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Regarding transparency, accountabil
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Staff expressed that children shoul
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was immediately reassuring to child
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will to choose whether to or not li
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Sangoma (traditional doctor) and I
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Look at this shelter look at the do
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preferable. Participants continued
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It is okay when one is going with a
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5.1 Introduction CHAPTER FIVE DISCU
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The challenges of children living a
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differed greatly from the feelings
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een on the streets for a very long
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from the overseas. Some of the loca
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programs to communities and familie
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explained, was their priority. It i
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streets, consequently, shelters int
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perspectives, understanding, and ca
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understand such discourses. Through
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6.1.3 Conclusions Regarding Researc
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and appreciation that the children
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Shelters could endeavour to reinfor
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The effort is to move the children
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macroeconomic factors, the local mi
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REFERENCES Acker, A. (1986). Childr
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Brown, D. C. (1996). 'Why ask why:
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Gronbjen, K. A. (1992). Nonprofit H
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Mills C. W. (1971). The Sociologica
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Swart, J. (1987). 'Street Children:
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Street children in http://allafrica
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3.1.5. Does the shelter have any re
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4. Social and Recreation 4.1. How a
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Follow-up questions What are the sh
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APPENDIX 3 FOCUS GROUPS CHILDREN Pl
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6. Shelter routine and Discipline:
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