hexachlorobutadiene - Davidborowski.com
hexachlorobutadiene - Davidborowski.com
hexachlorobutadiene - Davidborowski.com
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HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE 51<br />
2. HEALTH EFFECTS<br />
One or two <strong>hexachlorobutadiene</strong> metabolites appear to cause some of the <strong>com</strong>pound-induced renal<br />
damage (see Section 2.3.5) and are more toxic than the parent <strong>com</strong>pound, causing <strong>com</strong>parable lesions<br />
in the kidneys at lower doses. These active thioacylating metabolites are capable of modifying DNA,<br />
as indicated by the isolation of sulfur-containing nucleides from hydrolyzed DNA from renal cells<br />
exposed to the <strong>hexachlorobutadiene</strong> cysteine derivative (Vamvakas et al. 1988b).<br />
Overall, the kidney is highly susceptible to the toxicity of <strong>hexachlorobutadiene</strong>, in contrast to other<br />
organs, due to the activity of β-lyase and other mercapturic acid processing enzymes (Vamvakas et al.<br />
1988b). The greater sensitivity of females may be due to differences in renal enzymes responsible for<br />
the tissue levels of the active metabolites (Hook et al. 1983). Based on data in animals, renal toxicity<br />
is a major concern in humans who may be chronically exposed to this material from hazardous waste<br />
sites or other sources.<br />
Dermal/Ocular Effects. No studies were located regarding dermal/ocular effects in humans. Acute-<br />
duration dermal exposure caused skin necrosis in rabbits; however, effects were reversible within<br />
2 weeks (Duprat and Gradiski 1978). Nasal irritation resulted from 15 minute exposure to vapor<br />
concentrations of 155 ppm (de Ceaurriz et al. 1988). No dermal/ocular effects were seen following<br />
intermediate- or chronic-duration dermal exposure in rabbits. Based on acute effects in rabbits,<br />
<strong>hexachlorobutadiene</strong> may pose some risk to humans following skin contact with the chemical depending<br />
on the area exposed. Inhalation of vapors may cause irritation of the nasal mucosa.<br />
Immunological Effects. No studies were located regarding immunological effects in humans. Oral<br />
intermediate or chronic exposures to <strong>hexachlorobutadiene</strong> did not produce treatment-related<br />
histopathological lesions in lymphoid tissue (spleen or thymus) in mice (NTP 1991; Yang et al. 1989)<br />
or rats (Harleman and Seinen 1979; Kociba et al. 1971, 1977a) after 13 weeks of exposure. Necrosis<br />
of lymphoid tissue did occur in the spleen, lymphoids, and thymus of mice exposed to lethal doses<br />
(NTP 1991; Yang et al. 1989). No data are available on immunological effects following acute-duration<br />
oral exposure. In the absence of tests that evaluate impairment of immune functions, firm<br />
conclusions cannot be made about the potential for <strong>hexachlorobutadiene</strong> to affect immune processes in<br />
humans.<br />
Neurological Effects. No studies were located regarding neurological effects in humans.<br />
Intermediate oral exposure to <strong>hexachlorobutadiene</strong> caused damage to the nervous system in rats.