A single-tier pension: what does it really mean? - The Institute For ...
A single-tier pension: what does it really mean? - The Institute For ...
A single-tier pension: what does it really mean? - The Institute For ...
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Long-run effect on <strong>pension</strong>er incomes<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are some groups who, under current legislation, would accrue only BSP<br />
and not S2P. <strong>The</strong>se include those who are in self-employment, those receiving<br />
jobseeker’s allowance and those who will be newly cred<strong>it</strong>ed under universal<br />
cred<strong>it</strong> (for example, those w<strong>it</strong>h multiple jobs earning below the LEL who may<br />
now be cred<strong>it</strong>ed on the basis of their household income). We abstract from these<br />
groups in the following analysis; however, in Section 5.3, we examine the impact<br />
of the proposed reforms on the self-employed, and our conclusions there also<br />
apply to any others who would spend long periods of their life under the current<br />
system accruing ent<strong>it</strong>lement to the BSP and not the S2P.<br />
One year’s accrual of BSP and S2P under the current system would be worth<br />
more (in terms of income at SPA) than one year’s accrual of <strong>single</strong>-<strong>tier</strong> <strong>pension</strong><br />
ent<strong>it</strong>lement; but the latter would be worth more than a year of BSP accrual on <strong>it</strong>s<br />
own. <strong>For</strong> example, under current legislation, an individual engaged in a cred<strong>it</strong>able<br />
activ<strong>it</strong>y or working and earning at the LEL in 2016–17 would accrue ent<strong>it</strong>lement<br />
to around £3.63 of BSP and £1.70 of S2P income at SPA, giving a combined<br />
accrual of £5.33. 52 This compares w<strong>it</strong>h £4.18 under the proposed system. 53<br />
Exactly how much more income someone would get at SPA under the current<br />
system than under the proposed system depends on how many years of<br />
contributions an individual has during their working life. In add<strong>it</strong>ion, for anyone<br />
making contributions between 2016 and 2030 (when accruals of S2P will still be<br />
earnings-related under current legislation), <strong>it</strong> will also depend on the exact level<br />
of their earnings.<br />
Figure 5.1 shows the level of weekly state <strong>pension</strong> income that an individual born<br />
in 1986 would get at SPA, depending on the number of years of contributions<br />
they make during their working life. Panel A illustrates this for a ‘low earner’ –<br />
that is, someone who earns between the LEL and the LET in every year they are<br />
contributing (or, equivalently, is engaged in some form of S2P-cred<strong>it</strong>able activ<strong>it</strong>y)<br />
– while Panel B illustrates this for a ‘high earner’ – that is, someone who earns at<br />
(or above) the UEL in each year that they are in work. <strong>The</strong>re are three important<br />
points to note:<br />
• Regardless of how many years of contributions an individual expects to have,<br />
the current system always delivers a higher income at SPA than the proposed<br />
system would. <strong>The</strong> difference is larger for high earners than for low earners<br />
in this cohort because the current legislation still provides for some earningsrelated<br />
accrual to S2P up to around 2030.<br />
52 This holds for anyone who had not already accrued 30 years of contributions to the BSP. <strong>For</strong><br />
someone who had accrued 30 years of BSP ent<strong>it</strong>lement already, an add<strong>it</strong>ional year’s accrual under<br />
the current system would only amount to £1.70 of extra weekly state <strong>pension</strong> income. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
numbers are slightly different from those that apply to accruals in 2013–14 (£1.75 for S2P)<br />
because of how thresholds are uprated over time w<strong>it</strong>h lagged earnings growth / inflation and then<br />
deflated by contemporaneous earnings growth.<br />
53 However, if an individual had already accrued 35 years of contributions to the <strong>single</strong>-<strong>tier</strong><br />
<strong>pension</strong>, the extra year of contributions would result in no increase in state <strong>pension</strong> income.<br />
49