Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1 CU - Cumulus 1 Example 5-12. Multiple Layers Composed of CB and TCU. Layers composed of cumulonimbus or towering cumulus shall be identified by appending the contraction CB or TCU, respectively. These are the only two cloud types appended to a sky condition layer. In the above example, if the CB and the TCU had been at the same level, only the CB would have been reported in the Sky Condition, that is, in column 10. However, a remark in column 14 would still be made to show the TCU’s location. 5.2.3 Variable Sky Condition This term describes a condition when the reportable amount of a layer varies by one or more reportable values, e.g., SCT to BKN, OVC to BKN, FEW to SCT, etc. The variable sky condition remark is used to report two operationally significant sky conditions. A “V” is used to separate the variability between the two ranges. For example, a cloud layer varying between broken and overcast would be coded “BKN V OVC.” If there are several layers with the same sky condition amount, the layer height of the variable layer shall also be reported. For example, if there were two scattered layers reported, one at 500 feet, the other at 1,400 feet, and the layer at 1,400 feet is varying between scattered and broken the remark would be coded “SCT014 V BKN.” 5.3 Cloud and Ceiling Heights When it is possible to measure the height of clouds, determining the height is not much of a problem. However, you will have to estimate cloud heights quite often when the clouds are beyond the limits of the system available for measuring them, when instruments are inoperative, when clouds are scattered, etc. This estimation is especially difficult for the new observer. 5-16
Clouds are grouped into three families according to the height of their bases above the ground. These families are: a. Low level clouds: Stratocumulus, Stratus, Cumulus, Cumulonimbus - (to 6,500 feet) 2 b. Middle level clouds: Altocumulus, Altostratus, Nimbostratus - (6,500 feet to 25,000 feet) 2 c. High level clouds: Cirrus, Cirrocumulus and Cirrostratus - (10,000 feet to 60,000 feet) 2 Record the height above the surface of the base of each layer aloft just after (no space) the sky cover contraction representing the layer. Record the heights of layers in hundreds of feet and rounded to the nearest reportable increment. When a value falls halfway between two reportable increments, the lower of the two shall be reported. When a layer is 50 feet or less above the surface, the height is reported as 000. As stated earlier, the height of each layer is reported using three digits. For example, a broken layer at 23,451 feet would be recorded as BKN230. The recorded height was determined by rounding 23,451 feet to 23,000 feet and dropping the last two zeros. If the height had been 800 feet, it would be recorded as BKN008. Remember that the heights of layers are in hundreds of feet and recorded using three digits, so leading zeros may be used. Heights are not assigned to the sky cover contraction SKC, since this means zero clouds are present. When the sky is completely hidden by surface-based phenomena such as fog or precipitation, the height ascribed to the surface-based layer is the Vertical Visibility into the layer. This Vertical Visibility can be determined by the distance a ceiling light beam penetrates into the obscuring phenomenon (see Figure 5-12), the height at which a ceiling balloon completely fades from sight, the known heights of unobscured buildings, control towers, etc., that are within 1 1/2 miles from any runway, or the distance an observer on the ground can see upward into an obscuring phenomenon. 2 Figure 5-12. Determining Vertical Visibility With a Ceiling Light. Besides being used in aiding an observer to determine Vertical Visibility when the sky is totally obscured, a ceiling balloon can also be used to determine the height of a layer aloft. The height for the Height range depends on latitude location. 5-17
Page 1 and 2:
Training Guide in Surface Weather O
Page 3:
PREFACE METAR/SPECI is the internat
Page 6 and 7:
CHAPTER 7 - PRESSURE ..............
Page 8 and 9:
1.2 Content and Format of the Manua
Page 10 and 11:
1.6 Report Modifier - COR An observ
Page 12 and 13:
1-6
Page 14 and 15:
12. A METAR observation contains se
Page 16 and 17:
25. At no time shall an observation
Page 18 and 19:
2.1.4 Estimated Winds Though winds
Page 20 and 21:
2-4
Page 22 and 23:
Code the following wind situations
Page 24 and 25:
19. Which of the following wind par
Page 26 and 27:
3.1 Visibility 1 CHAPTER 3 VISIBILI
Page 28 and 29:
3.2.3 Surface and Tower Visibility
Page 30 and 31: SUR- FACE VISIBILITY PRESENT WEATHE
Page 32 and 33: 3.3 Visibility Chart As an aid for
Page 34 and 35: OUTLINE DETERMINING VISIBILITY From
Page 36 and 37: REVIEW QUESTIONS Select the best an
Page 38 and 39: 11. 12. At the time of observation,
Page 40 and 41: 23. Weather conditions being equal,
Page 42 and 43: 38. Visibility of 2 3/8 miles is re
Page 44 and 45: When more than one type of present
Page 46 and 47: 4.1.2 Descriptors Descriptors are q
Page 48 and 49: Obscurations that stand alone, i.e.
Page 50 and 51: Question: What does an observer do
Page 52 and 53: Footnotes for Weather Phenomena Mat
Page 54 and 55: 9. +FZRA a. Severe freezing rain b.
Page 56 and 57: 23. Volcanic ash is reported: a. wh
Page 58 and 59: 37. Match the following present wea
Page 60 and 61: 46. Which of the following precipit
Page 62 and 63: 59. Steady rain is observed 4 miles
Page 64 and 65: 72. Rain showers of an unknown inte
Page 66 and 67: 5.2 Sky Cover Figure 5-2. Weather O
Page 68 and 69: Example 5-2. One Layer with Single
Page 70 and 71: Figure 5-4. Advancing Layer (sky co
Page 72 and 73: 5-8
Page 74 and 75: Figure 5-10. Surface-base Layer Sur
Page 76 and 77: Example 5-5. Four Layers. The follo
Page 78 and 79: Example 5-8. One Layer. Example 5-9
Page 82 and 83: layer aloft will be considered as m
Page 84 and 85: 5. When a balloon is used for deter
Page 86 and 87: OUTLINE DETERMINING SKY COVER AMOUN
Page 88 and 89: Select the correct answer. REVIEW Q
Page 90 and 91: 20. If a layer aloft has less than
Page 92 and 93: 40. Match the following reportable
Page 94 and 95: 6.1 Temperature and Dew Point - T
Page 96 and 97: 6. Obtain the difference between th
Page 98 and 99: Other examples of determining wet-b
Page 100 and 101: The conversion from ice to water ca
Page 102 and 103: a. Read right end of index in minim
Page 104 and 105: Figure 6-8. Reading a Thermometer t
Page 106 and 107: TIME G LST G UTC (2) TEMP. (°C) DE
Page 108 and 109: Method II: Centrifugal Force A shor
Page 110 and 111: INSTRUCTIONS: Select the best answe
Page 112 and 113: 16. Under what conditions is the de
Page 114 and 115: 6-21 +130 129 128 127 126 +125 124
Page 116 and 117: 6-23
Page 118 and 119: The altimeter setting shall be repo
Page 120 and 121: 7-4
Page 122 and 123: 7. Sea-level pressure is an adjustm
Page 124 and 125: 2. Additive Data [NA SAWRS] 3- and
Page 126 and 127: 8.2.2.2 24-Hour Precipitation Amoun
Page 128 and 129: When finished, put the emptied meas
Page 130 and 131:
8.3.3.1 Depth of New Snow (Snowfall
Page 132 and 133:
8-10
Page 134 and 135:
10. A thunderstorm is overhead, mov
Page 136 and 137:
26. A 6-hourly maximum temperature
Page 138 and 139:
CHAPTER 9 REVIEW EXERCISES OBSERVIN
Page 140 and 141:
Exercise #3 Lower layer has ____/8t
Page 142 and 143:
Exercise #5 Surface based layer has
Page 144 and 145:
Exercise #7 Total sky coverage is _
Page 146 and 147:
Exercise #9 Lower layer has ____/8t
Page 148 and 149:
Exercise #11 Total sky coverage is
Page 150 and 151:
QUALITY CONTROL EXERCISE Each of th
Page 152 and 153:
21. METAR KKKK 282045Z E29006KT 7SM
Page 154 and 155:
42. METAR KFFF 302250Z 03008KT 40SM
Page 156 and 157:
16. a. METAR 17. b. second 18. d. f
Page 158 and 159:
11. - a change in wind direction of
Page 160 and 161:
...unfocused lights of moderate int
Page 162 and 163:
22. b precipitation occurring not a
Page 164 and 165:
52. b. decreasing dominance. 53. b.
Page 166 and 167:
24. 8 VV 25. 8 OVC 26. 7 BKN 27. as
Page 168 and 169:
A-14
Page 170 and 171:
A-16
Page 172 and 173:
A-18
Page 174 and 175:
18. 1200 UTC or other time modified
Page 176 and 177:
9. Lower layer has 1 /8ths coverage
Page 178 and 179:
16. METAR KFFF 312148Z 36005KT 1 1/
Page 180 and 181:
43. METAR KGGG 052145Z 05009KT 4SM
Page 182 and 183:
WET BULB TEMPERATURES 31 32 33 34 3
Page 184 and 185:
WS Form B-11 (12-96) Pres. by WSOH
Page 186 and 187:
C-3
Page 188:
. If an altimeter setting indicator
show all

Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?