Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

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1.2 Content and Format of the Manual METAR/SPECI The following is an overview of the various elements in a METAR/SPECI report. Each element is described in the following paragraphs and chapters. Each element or group is separated by a space in a transmitted report. a. Body of report. (1) Type of Report - METAR or SPECI (2) Station Identifier - CCCC (3) Date and Time of Report - YYGGggZ (4) Report Modifier - COR (5) Wind - dddff(f)KT_dndndnVdxdxdx (6) Visibility - VVVVVSM (7) Runway Visual Range - RDD/VVVVFT R R R R R R or RDD/VVVVVVVVVFT R R N N N N X X X X (8) Present Weather - ww (9) Sky Condition - NNNhhh s s s s s s or VVhshsh s or SKC (10) Temperature and Dew Point - TT/TdTd (11) Altimeter - APPPP H H H H b. Remarks Section of Report - RMK (1) Manual and Plain Language (2) Additive Data 1.3 Type of Report - METAR/SPECI The type of report is the first element of the coded report. The type of report shall be METAR for a routine report and SPECI for a special report. Transmitted reports shall always begin with either METAR or SPECI, entered as M or S in column 1 of MF1M-10. 1.3.1 METAR METAR is a routine scheduled observation and is the primary observation code used in the United States to satisfy requirements for reporting surface meteorological data. METAR contains a report of wind, visibility, present weather, sky condition, temperature, dew point, and altimeter setting collectively referred to as “the body of the report.” In addition, information that elaborates on data in the body of the report may be appended to the METAR. This significant information can be found in the section referred to as “Remarks.” 1.3.2 SPECI SPECI is an unscheduled observation. SPECI observations are taken when specific weather conditions have been met or observed (noted). SPECI reports shall contain all the data elements found in a METAR report (except single-element special) plus additional plain language information that elaborates on data in the body of the report. All SPECIs shall be made as soon as possible after the relevant special criteria are met or observed. Whenever SPECI criteria are met or observed at the time of a METAR, the type of report shall be METAR. Single-element special observations are authorized to be taken for tornadic activity and volcanic eruptions. 1-2
There are two categories of criteria for taking SPECIs. The first is applicable to all stations across the United States. The second category of criteria for taking SPECIs is determined by you the observer. It allows you to take a SPECI observation to report any phenomenon that in your opinion is operationally significant at your station. In making these SPECI reports, there are no limits. Even if no provision is made for reporting a particular occurrence, take a SPECI and report the phenomenon even if it is necessary to use plain language in Remarks. 1.4 Station Identifier - CCCC The second element of the transmitted coded aviation weather report is the Station Identifier: This is entered on MF1M-10 in the heading block labeled SID. The METAR/SPECI uses the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) four-letter station identifier. All airports in the 48 contiguous states begin with the letter “K” followed by the three-letter identifier for the airport. Alaskan stations all begin with “PA” for Pacific-Alaskan, Hawaiian stations begin with “PH” for Pacific-Hawaiian. The “PA” or “PH” is followed by the international two-letter identifier for that station. Stations in the Eastern Caribbean begin with the letter “T”; Western Caribbean stations begin with the letter “M”; Guam stations begin with the letters “PG.” Examples: New Iberia, LA - KARA Alexandria, LA - KAEX Sugar Land, TX - KSGR Anchorage, AK - PANC Nome, AK - PAOM Honolulu, HI - PHNL Keahole Point, HI - PHKO 1.5 Date/Time Group - YYGGggZ The third element of the coded aviation weather observation is the Date/Time group. YY - two-digit date GG - two-digit hour gg - two-digit minutes Z - letter indicator for UTC In the METAR/SPECI, the day and time of observation is a six-character field plus the letter “Z.” The first two digits “YY” are the day of the month and the next four digits “GGgg” are the time. The times entered are in reference to the 24-hour clock. The letter “Z” is added to the end of the group to indicate the date and time are in Coordinated Universal Time. The date and time are included in all reports. The actual time of a METAR report is the time the last element of the observation was observed. The actual time of a SPECI report is when the criterion for a SPECI is met or noted. If the report is a correction to a previously disseminated report, the time of the corrected report shall be the same time used in the report being corrected. Examples: An observation taken on the 23rd of the month at 1955 UTC METAR KARA 231955Z An observation taken on the 1st of the month at 0550 UTC METAR KAEX 010550Z An observation taken on the 10th of the month at 0005 UTC SPECI PAOM 100005Z 1-3
Page 1 and 2: Training Guide in Surface Weather O
Page 3: PREFACE METAR/SPECI is the internat
Page 6 and 7: CHAPTER 7 - PRESSURE ..............
Page 10 and 11: 1.6 Report Modifier - COR An observ
Page 12 and 13: 1-6
Page 14 and 15: 12. A METAR observation contains se
Page 16 and 17: 25. At no time shall an observation
Page 18 and 19: 2.1.4 Estimated Winds Though winds
Page 20 and 21: 2-4
Page 22 and 23: Code the following wind situations
Page 24 and 25: 19. Which of the following wind par
Page 26 and 27: 3.1 Visibility 1 CHAPTER 3 VISIBILI
Page 28 and 29: 3.2.3 Surface and Tower Visibility
Page 30 and 31: SUR- FACE VISIBILITY PRESENT WEATHE
Page 32 and 33: 3.3 Visibility Chart As an aid for
Page 34 and 35: OUTLINE DETERMINING VISIBILITY From
Page 36 and 37: REVIEW QUESTIONS Select the best an
Page 38 and 39: 11. 12. At the time of observation,
Page 40 and 41: 23. Weather conditions being equal,
Page 42 and 43: 38. Visibility of 2 3/8 miles is re
Page 44 and 45: When more than one type of present
Page 46 and 47: 4.1.2 Descriptors Descriptors are q
Page 48 and 49: Obscurations that stand alone, i.e.
Page 50 and 51: Question: What does an observer do
Page 52 and 53: Footnotes for Weather Phenomena Mat
Page 54 and 55: 9. +FZRA a. Severe freezing rain b.
Page 56 and 57: 23. Volcanic ash is reported: a. wh
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37. Match the following present wea
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46. Which of the following precipit
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59. Steady rain is observed 4 miles
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72. Rain showers of an unknown inte
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5.2 Sky Cover Figure 5-2. Weather O
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Example 5-2. One Layer with Single
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Figure 5-4. Advancing Layer (sky co
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5-8
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Figure 5-10. Surface-base Layer Sur
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Example 5-5. Four Layers. The follo
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Example 5-8. One Layer. Example 5-9
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1 CU - Cumulus 1 Example 5-12. Mult
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layer aloft will be considered as m
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5. When a balloon is used for deter
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OUTLINE DETERMINING SKY COVER AMOUN
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Select the correct answer. REVIEW Q
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20. If a layer aloft has less than
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40. Match the following reportable
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6.1 Temperature and Dew Point - T
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6. Obtain the difference between th
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Other examples of determining wet-b
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The conversion from ice to water ca
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a. Read right end of index in minim
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Figure 6-8. Reading a Thermometer t
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TIME G LST G UTC (2) TEMP. (°C) DE
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Method II: Centrifugal Force A shor
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INSTRUCTIONS: Select the best answe
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16. Under what conditions is the de
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6-21 +130 129 128 127 126 +125 124
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6-23
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The altimeter setting shall be repo
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7-4
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7. Sea-level pressure is an adjustm
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2. Additive Data [NA SAWRS] 3- and
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8.2.2.2 24-Hour Precipitation Amoun
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When finished, put the emptied meas
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8.3.3.1 Depth of New Snow (Snowfall
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8-10
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10. A thunderstorm is overhead, mov
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26. A 6-hourly maximum temperature
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CHAPTER 9 REVIEW EXERCISES OBSERVIN
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Exercise #3 Lower layer has ____/8t
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Exercise #5 Surface based layer has
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Exercise #7 Total sky coverage is _
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Exercise #9 Lower layer has ____/8t
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Exercise #11 Total sky coverage is
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QUALITY CONTROL EXERCISE Each of th
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21. METAR KKKK 282045Z E29006KT 7SM
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42. METAR KFFF 302250Z 03008KT 40SM
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16. a. METAR 17. b. second 18. d. f
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11. - a change in wind direction of
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...unfocused lights of moderate int
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22. b precipitation occurring not a
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52. b. decreasing dominance. 53. b.
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24. 8 VV 25. 8 OVC 26. 7 BKN 27. as
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A-14
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A-16
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A-18
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18. 1200 UTC or other time modified
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9. Lower layer has 1 /8ths coverage
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16. METAR KFFF 312148Z 36005KT 1 1/
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43. METAR KGGG 052145Z 05009KT 4SM
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WET BULB TEMPERATURES 31 32 33 34 3
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WS Form B-11 (12-96) Pres. by WSOH
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C-3
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. If an altimeter setting indicator
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