Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

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CHAPTER 7 - PRESSURE ...................................................... 7-1 Altimeter Setting - APHPHPHP H ................................................. 7-1 Station Elevation - H p ........................................................ 7-2 Sea-Level Pressure .......................................................... 7-2 Difference Between Coded Report and MF1M-10C Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 Altimeter Setting Accuracy.................................................... 7-3 REVIEW QUESTIONS ...................................................... 7-5 CHAPTER 8 - REMARKS ...................................................... 8-1 Some of the More Important Remarks ........................................... 8-2 Measuring Precipitation ...................................................... 8-5 Contractions ............................................................... 8-8 Difference Between Coded Report and MF1M-10 Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9 REVIEW QUESTIONS ..................................................... 8-11 CHAPTER 9 - REVIEW EXERCISES OBSERVING and CODING EXERCISES ....................................... 9-1 QUALITY CONTROL EXERCISE............................................ 9-13 APPENDIX A - ANSWERS TO CHAPTER and REVIEW EXERCISES ANSWERS TO CHAPTER QUESTIONS ...................................... A-1 ANSWERS TO OBSERVING and CODING EXERCISES - CHAPTER 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . A-21 ANSWERS TO QUALITY CONTROL EXERCISE - CHAPTER 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-23 APPENDIX B - DEW POINT TABLE ............................................B-1 APPENDIX C - TRANSMISSION FORM FOR MANUAL OBSERVATIONS, WS Form B-11 .............................................................C-1 APPENDIX D - ORDER OF OBSERVING ELEMENTS ............................ D-1 iv Page
1 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL This chapter introduces you to the Aviation Weather Observation and some of the procedures used in the observing program. 1.1 General Information 1.1.1 The Aviation Weather Observation An Aviation Weather Observation is used to report the various meteorological elements that together describe the atmosphere as observed and evaluated from the observer’s position. The meteorological elements normally observed are: Wind, Visibility, Present Weather, Sky Condition, Temperature, Dew Point, Altimeter Setting, and Remarks. Learning what to observe and how to report your observation is described in National Weather Service Observing Handbooks (WSOH #7 and WSOH #8). The format of these Handbooks is such that information concerning an element is contained in its named chapter. A separate chapter covers coding information for all elements and information for entries on Meteorological Form 1M-10 (MF1M-10) for all elements provided in separate chapters. 1.1.2 Meteorological Form 1M-10 (A, B, and C) 1 MF1M-10 (A, B, and C) are the standard forms used to log observations. The form your station uses is the official record of observations taken and disseminated by your station. If you make a mistake on the form, correct the error with the same black ink used to record the observation. Whether the error was discovered before or after the dissemination of the observation, correct the erroneous data by clearly drawing a single line through the error. Do not erase or obliterate the entry by writing over it or by covering it up. The accuracy of the actual time of the observation is of the utmost importance in aviation safety investigations. Therefore, the station clock needs to be checked daily at part-time stations, on each shift at full-time stations, or if there is an aircraft mishap. Time checks are logged in column 65 of MF1M-10. By the second working day of the following month, send the originals of all MF1M-10’s used during the month to the National Climatic Data Center. SAWRS send their original MF1M-10C forms used during the month to the station designated by the NWS regional headquarters. This station will check the forms and advise the SAWRS of any corrections required on the forms by means of WS Form B-14, “Notice of Corrections To Weather Records.” Make corrections to the associated MF1M-10 forms that are on hand. SAWRS with more than one observer shall post the B-14 so that all observers can review it. These notices are an excellent aid for the station’s on-going training and quality control programs. Once the MF1M-10 is reviewed, the correction notices along with the associated copies of the weather records shall be retained in accordance with the local guidelines provided by the supervising office. If local guidelines were not provided, you may discard the records when they are 90 days old. The MF1M-10A, B, and C have the same column numbers and designations. 1-1
Page 1 and 2: Training Guide in Surface Weather O
Page 3: PREFACE METAR/SPECI is the internat
Page 8 and 9: 1.2 Content and Format of the Manua
Page 10 and 11: 1.6 Report Modifier - COR An observ
Page 12 and 13: 1-6
Page 14 and 15: 12. A METAR observation contains se
Page 16 and 17: 25. At no time shall an observation
Page 18 and 19: 2.1.4 Estimated Winds Though winds
Page 20 and 21: 2-4
Page 22 and 23: Code the following wind situations
Page 24 and 25: 19. Which of the following wind par
Page 26 and 27: 3.1 Visibility 1 CHAPTER 3 VISIBILI
Page 28 and 29: 3.2.3 Surface and Tower Visibility
Page 30 and 31: SUR- FACE VISIBILITY PRESENT WEATHE
Page 32 and 33: 3.3 Visibility Chart As an aid for
Page 34 and 35: OUTLINE DETERMINING VISIBILITY From
Page 36 and 37: REVIEW QUESTIONS Select the best an
Page 38 and 39: 11. 12. At the time of observation,
Page 40 and 41: 23. Weather conditions being equal,
Page 42 and 43: 38. Visibility of 2 3/8 miles is re
Page 44 and 45: When more than one type of present
Page 46 and 47: 4.1.2 Descriptors Descriptors are q
Page 48 and 49: Obscurations that stand alone, i.e.
Page 50 and 51: Question: What does an observer do
Page 52 and 53: Footnotes for Weather Phenomena Mat
Page 54 and 55: 9. +FZRA a. Severe freezing rain b.
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23. Volcanic ash is reported: a. wh
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37. Match the following present wea
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46. Which of the following precipit
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59. Steady rain is observed 4 miles
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72. Rain showers of an unknown inte
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5.2 Sky Cover Figure 5-2. Weather O
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Example 5-2. One Layer with Single
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Figure 5-4. Advancing Layer (sky co
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5-8
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Figure 5-10. Surface-base Layer Sur
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Example 5-5. Four Layers. The follo
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Example 5-8. One Layer. Example 5-9
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1 CU - Cumulus 1 Example 5-12. Mult
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layer aloft will be considered as m
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5. When a balloon is used for deter
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OUTLINE DETERMINING SKY COVER AMOUN
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Select the correct answer. REVIEW Q
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20. If a layer aloft has less than
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40. Match the following reportable
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6.1 Temperature and Dew Point - T
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6. Obtain the difference between th
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Other examples of determining wet-b
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The conversion from ice to water ca
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a. Read right end of index in minim
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Figure 6-8. Reading a Thermometer t
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TIME G LST G UTC (2) TEMP. (°C) DE
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Method II: Centrifugal Force A shor
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INSTRUCTIONS: Select the best answe
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16. Under what conditions is the de
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6-21 +130 129 128 127 126 +125 124
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6-23
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The altimeter setting shall be repo
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7-4
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7. Sea-level pressure is an adjustm
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2. Additive Data [NA SAWRS] 3- and
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8.2.2.2 24-Hour Precipitation Amoun
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When finished, put the emptied meas
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8.3.3.1 Depth of New Snow (Snowfall
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8-10
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10. A thunderstorm is overhead, mov
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26. A 6-hourly maximum temperature
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CHAPTER 9 REVIEW EXERCISES OBSERVIN
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Exercise #3 Lower layer has ____/8t
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Exercise #5 Surface based layer has
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Exercise #7 Total sky coverage is _
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Exercise #9 Lower layer has ____/8t
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Exercise #11 Total sky coverage is
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QUALITY CONTROL EXERCISE Each of th
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21. METAR KKKK 282045Z E29006KT 7SM
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42. METAR KFFF 302250Z 03008KT 40SM
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16. a. METAR 17. b. second 18. d. f
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11. - a change in wind direction of
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...unfocused lights of moderate int
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22. b precipitation occurring not a
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52. b. decreasing dominance. 53. b.
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24. 8 VV 25. 8 OVC 26. 7 BKN 27. as
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A-14
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A-16
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A-18
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18. 1200 UTC or other time modified
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9. Lower layer has 1 /8ths coverage
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16. METAR KFFF 312148Z 36005KT 1 1/
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43. METAR KGGG 052145Z 05009KT 4SM
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WET BULB TEMPERATURES 31 32 33 34 3
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WS Form B-11 (12-96) Pres. by WSOH
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C-3
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. If an altimeter setting indicator
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