Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

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3.1 Visibility 1 CHAPTER 3 VISIBILITY In the coded transmitted report this group always ends with “SM,” the indicator for statute miles. The entries in column 7a of MF1M-10 do not contain the “SM” indicator. Example: 10SM Whole numbers and fractions are separated by a space. Example: 1 1/2SM Because it affects pilots approaching or departing your station, visibility is one of the most important elements in the METAR observation. Make the visibility report descriptive of the actual conditions at your point of observation. If conditions are different over another portion of the field, and you are aware of it, describe the difference(s) using the Remarks section of the report. Visibility is the greatest horizontal distance at which selected objects (visibility markers) can be seen and identified. At times, however, you will be called upon to estimate visibilities for which you have no markers. Base the estimate on the sharpness with which the most distant markers can be seen. If the markers can be seen clearly, with little loss of color, and with sharp outlines, it means that the visibility is much greater than the distance to the markers. Estimate visibility to the nearest reportable value using the values listed in Table 4-1 of your station’s WSOH. 3.2 Prevailing Visibility The prevailing visibility is coded in the METAR report after the wind group. You shouldn’t have any difficulty in determining prevailing visibility if the visibility is uniform in all directions. However, if 1 conditions are not uniform, divide the horizon circle into sectors of uniform visibility. When this is done, add the sector with the highest uniform visibility to the sector with the next higher visibility, etc., until the sectors add up to at least half of the horizon circle (180° or more). The prevailing visibility is then the visibility in the last sector added to make up 180° or more (i.e., greatest distances you can see in at least 180° around your point of observation) and is reported in statute miles. 5 - 45° 3 - 45° 2 3/4 - 45° 2 1/2* - 45° *Indicates Prevailing Visibility 180° See Figures 3-1 through 3-4 for other examples. A sector represents at least one eighth of the horizon circle (45°). 3-1
5 = 90° 2 = 90° 3* = 90° 7/8* = 90° 180° 180° 2 Figure 3-1. Prevailing Visibility 3SM Figure 3-2. Prevailing Visibility 7/8SM 1 = 135° 4* = 180° 5/8* = 135° 270° 3.2.1 Sector Visibility Figure 3-3. Prevailing Visibility 4SM Figure 3-4. Prevailing Visibility 5/8SM *Indicates Prevailing Visibility Whenever the visibility is not uniform in all directions and the prevailing visibility and/or the sector 2 visibility is less than 3 miles report sector visibility. Report in the remarks any sector whose visibility differs from the prevailing visibility by one or more reportable values. To record this remark, enter the contraction VIS followed by the sector (using 8 points of the compass) and the visibility in that sector, e.g., VIS NE 2 1/2. If more than one sector needs to be reported, code these sectors in a clockwise order starting with north. For example, the first example (page 3-1) would be coded in column 14 as: VIS E 1 S 1 1/2 SW 2 3/4 W 3/4 NW 1/2 3.2.2 Variable Prevailing Visibility When the prevailing visibility rapidly increases and decreases by one or more reportable values during the time of the observation, use the average of all determined values as the prevailing visibility reported in column 7a of MF1M-10C. If the average is less than 3 miles and the variation between the minimum and maximum is 1/2 mile or more, report the limits of variability in column 14, Remarks. Make the remark by entering the contraction VIS followed by the lowest observed visibility, the letter V, and the highest observed visibility; e.g., VIS 1/4V1, to indicate that the visibility is varying between 1/4 and 1 mile. Since the reported visibility is the average of all observed values, it is not necessarily the average of the two values given in the remarks, but it usually turns out that way. Example: 1 1/2SM (RMK VIS 1V2) A sector visibility may also be entered if in the opinion of the observer it is operationally significant. 3-2
Page 1 and 2: Training Guide in Surface Weather O
Page 3: PREFACE METAR/SPECI is the internat
Page 6 and 7: CHAPTER 7 - PRESSURE ..............
Page 8 and 9: 1.2 Content and Format of the Manua
Page 10 and 11: 1.6 Report Modifier - COR An observ
Page 12 and 13: 1-6
Page 14 and 15: 12. A METAR observation contains se
Page 16 and 17: 25. At no time shall an observation
Page 18 and 19: 2.1.4 Estimated Winds Though winds
Page 20 and 21: 2-4
Page 22 and 23: Code the following wind situations
Page 24 and 25: 19. Which of the following wind par
Page 28 and 29: 3.2.3 Surface and Tower Visibility
Page 30 and 31: SUR- FACE VISIBILITY PRESENT WEATHE
Page 32 and 33: 3.3 Visibility Chart As an aid for
Page 34 and 35: OUTLINE DETERMINING VISIBILITY From
Page 36 and 37: REVIEW QUESTIONS Select the best an
Page 38 and 39: 11. 12. At the time of observation,
Page 40 and 41: 23. Weather conditions being equal,
Page 42 and 43: 38. Visibility of 2 3/8 miles is re
Page 44 and 45: When more than one type of present
Page 46 and 47: 4.1.2 Descriptors Descriptors are q
Page 48 and 49: Obscurations that stand alone, i.e.
Page 50 and 51: Question: What does an observer do
Page 52 and 53: Footnotes for Weather Phenomena Mat
Page 54 and 55: 9. +FZRA a. Severe freezing rain b.
Page 56 and 57: 23. Volcanic ash is reported: a. wh
Page 58 and 59: 37. Match the following present wea
Page 60 and 61: 46. Which of the following precipit
Page 62 and 63: 59. Steady rain is observed 4 miles
Page 64 and 65: 72. Rain showers of an unknown inte
Page 66 and 67: 5.2 Sky Cover Figure 5-2. Weather O
Page 68 and 69: Example 5-2. One Layer with Single
Page 70 and 71: Figure 5-4. Advancing Layer (sky co
Page 72 and 73: 5-8
Page 74 and 75: Figure 5-10. Surface-base Layer Sur
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Example 5-5. Four Layers. The follo
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Example 5-8. One Layer. Example 5-9
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1 CU - Cumulus 1 Example 5-12. Mult
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layer aloft will be considered as m
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5. When a balloon is used for deter
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OUTLINE DETERMINING SKY COVER AMOUN
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Select the correct answer. REVIEW Q
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20. If a layer aloft has less than
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40. Match the following reportable
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6.1 Temperature and Dew Point - T
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6. Obtain the difference between th
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Other examples of determining wet-b
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The conversion from ice to water ca
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a. Read right end of index in minim
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Figure 6-8. Reading a Thermometer t
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TIME G LST G UTC (2) TEMP. (°C) DE
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Method II: Centrifugal Force A shor
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INSTRUCTIONS: Select the best answe
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16. Under what conditions is the de
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6-21 +130 129 128 127 126 +125 124
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6-23
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The altimeter setting shall be repo
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7-4
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7. Sea-level pressure is an adjustm
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2. Additive Data [NA SAWRS] 3- and
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8.2.2.2 24-Hour Precipitation Amoun
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When finished, put the emptied meas
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8.3.3.1 Depth of New Snow (Snowfall
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8-10
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10. A thunderstorm is overhead, mov
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26. A 6-hourly maximum temperature
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CHAPTER 9 REVIEW EXERCISES OBSERVIN
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Exercise #3 Lower layer has ____/8t
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Exercise #5 Surface based layer has
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Exercise #7 Total sky coverage is _
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Exercise #9 Lower layer has ____/8t
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Exercise #11 Total sky coverage is
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QUALITY CONTROL EXERCISE Each of th
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21. METAR KKKK 282045Z E29006KT 7SM
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42. METAR KFFF 302250Z 03008KT 40SM
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16. a. METAR 17. b. second 18. d. f
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11. - a change in wind direction of
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...unfocused lights of moderate int
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22. b precipitation occurring not a
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52. b. decreasing dominance. 53. b.
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24. 8 VV 25. 8 OVC 26. 7 BKN 27. as
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A-14
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A-16
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A-18
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18. 1200 UTC or other time modified
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9. Lower layer has 1 /8ths coverage
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16. METAR KFFF 312148Z 36005KT 1 1/
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43. METAR KGGG 052145Z 05009KT 4SM
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WET BULB TEMPERATURES 31 32 33 34 3
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WS Form B-11 (12-96) Pres. by WSOH
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C-3
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. If an altimeter setting indicator
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Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

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