Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

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2.1.4 Estimated Winds Though winds can be estimated, there is no way to indicate that wind direction or speed has been estimated in the coded transmitted report. 2.2 Variable Wind Direction - dndndnVdxdxd x If the wind direction varies by 60° or more and wind speed is >6 knots, a variable wind group is also reported. The extreme values are coded using three digits for each direction (remember: tens of degrees, last digit is always a zero). A “V” separates the two extreme values. Example: 31015KT 270V340, 36012KT 330V030, 35012KT 320V020 The directional variation shall be coded in a clockwise direction (remember: it can vary by more than 60°). Example: If wind is variable from 180° to 250° at 10 knots, it would be coded as: 2.3 Wind Shifts 21010KT 180V250 Wind shifts and the time of occurrences are reported in the remarks section (RMK) of the report. A wind shift is indicated by a change in wind direction of 45 degrees or more in less than 15 minutes with sustained winds of 10 knots or more throughout the wind shift. The time reported is the time the shift began. Only the minutes are required if the hour can be inferred from the report time. Example: A wind shift occurring at 30 minutes after the hour would be reported in remarks as: WSHFT 30 WIND DIRECTION IN TENS OF DEGREES (TRUE) 8 Points of Compass N N N NE NE NE NE E E E E E SE SE SE SE S S Tens of Degrees 360 010 020 030 040 050 060 070 080 090 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 2-2 8 Points of Compass S S S SW SW SW SW W W W W W NW NW NW NW N N Tens of Degrees 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 Table 2-1. Wind Direction in Tens of Degrees
DIRECTION: OUTLINE DETERMINATION OF WIND DATA Observe the position of the direction indicator for a full 2 minutes and determine the average direction. Enter, in column 3 of MF1M-10, the wind direction in tens of degrees to the nearest ten degrees using three characters, with the third character being zero. SPEED: Observe the position of the speed indicator for a full 2 minutes and determine the average speed. Enter, in column 4 of MF1M-10, the wind speed to the nearest knot using two digits or three when the speed is 100 knots or more. GUSTS: Report gusts when the wind speed rapidly fluctuates with variations of 10 knots or more between peaks and lulls over the last 10 minutes. Enter, in column 5 of MF1M-10, the gust that is the maximum instantaneous wind speed using two digits or three when the gust is 100 knots or more. SHIFTS: Report wind shifts whenever the wind direction changes by 45 degrees or more in less than 15 minutes with sustained winds of 10 knots or more throughout this period. Enter, in column 14 (remarks) of MF1M-10, “WSHFT” followed by a space and minutes past the hour when the shift began. SQUALLS: Report squalls in Present Weather (column 9) if there is a sudden increase in the average wind speed of at least 16 knots and sustained at 22 knots or more and continuing for at least 1 minute during the 10 minutes prior to the time of observation. ESTIMATION: Report wind data in the normal manner, but annotate in column 65 that the wind data are estimated and the reason for the estimation, e.g., WIND DATA ESTIMATED - EQUIPMENT INOPERATIVE. 2-3
Page 1 and 2: Training Guide in Surface Weather O
Page 3: PREFACE METAR/SPECI is the internat
Page 6 and 7: CHAPTER 7 - PRESSURE ..............
Page 8 and 9: 1.2 Content and Format of the Manua
Page 10 and 11: 1.6 Report Modifier - COR An observ
Page 12 and 13: 1-6
Page 14 and 15: 12. A METAR observation contains se
Page 16 and 17: 25. At no time shall an observation
Page 20 and 21: 2-4
Page 22 and 23: Code the following wind situations
Page 24 and 25: 19. Which of the following wind par
Page 26 and 27: 3.1 Visibility 1 CHAPTER 3 VISIBILI
Page 28 and 29: 3.2.3 Surface and Tower Visibility
Page 30 and 31: SUR- FACE VISIBILITY PRESENT WEATHE
Page 32 and 33: 3.3 Visibility Chart As an aid for
Page 34 and 35: OUTLINE DETERMINING VISIBILITY From
Page 36 and 37: REVIEW QUESTIONS Select the best an
Page 38 and 39: 11. 12. At the time of observation,
Page 40 and 41: 23. Weather conditions being equal,
Page 42 and 43: 38. Visibility of 2 3/8 miles is re
Page 44 and 45: When more than one type of present
Page 46 and 47: 4.1.2 Descriptors Descriptors are q
Page 48 and 49: Obscurations that stand alone, i.e.
Page 50 and 51: Question: What does an observer do
Page 52 and 53: Footnotes for Weather Phenomena Mat
Page 54 and 55: 9. +FZRA a. Severe freezing rain b.
Page 56 and 57: 23. Volcanic ash is reported: a. wh
Page 58 and 59: 37. Match the following present wea
Page 60 and 61: 46. Which of the following precipit
Page 62 and 63: 59. Steady rain is observed 4 miles
Page 64 and 65: 72. Rain showers of an unknown inte
Page 66 and 67: 5.2 Sky Cover Figure 5-2. Weather O
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Example 5-2. One Layer with Single
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Figure 5-4. Advancing Layer (sky co
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5-8
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Figure 5-10. Surface-base Layer Sur
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Example 5-5. Four Layers. The follo
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Example 5-8. One Layer. Example 5-9
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1 CU - Cumulus 1 Example 5-12. Mult
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layer aloft will be considered as m
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5. When a balloon is used for deter
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OUTLINE DETERMINING SKY COVER AMOUN
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Select the correct answer. REVIEW Q
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20. If a layer aloft has less than
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40. Match the following reportable
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6.1 Temperature and Dew Point - T
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6. Obtain the difference between th
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Other examples of determining wet-b
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The conversion from ice to water ca
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a. Read right end of index in minim
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Figure 6-8. Reading a Thermometer t
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TIME G LST G UTC (2) TEMP. (°C) DE
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Method II: Centrifugal Force A shor
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INSTRUCTIONS: Select the best answe
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16. Under what conditions is the de
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6-21 +130 129 128 127 126 +125 124
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6-23
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The altimeter setting shall be repo
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7-4
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7. Sea-level pressure is an adjustm
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2. Additive Data [NA SAWRS] 3- and
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8.2.2.2 24-Hour Precipitation Amoun
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When finished, put the emptied meas
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8.3.3.1 Depth of New Snow (Snowfall
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8-10
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10. A thunderstorm is overhead, mov
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26. A 6-hourly maximum temperature
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CHAPTER 9 REVIEW EXERCISES OBSERVIN
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Exercise #3 Lower layer has ____/8t
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Exercise #5 Surface based layer has
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Exercise #7 Total sky coverage is _
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Exercise #9 Lower layer has ____/8t
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Exercise #11 Total sky coverage is
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QUALITY CONTROL EXERCISE Each of th
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21. METAR KKKK 282045Z E29006KT 7SM
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42. METAR KFFF 302250Z 03008KT 40SM
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16. a. METAR 17. b. second 18. d. f
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11. - a change in wind direction of
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...unfocused lights of moderate int
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22. b precipitation occurring not a
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52. b. decreasing dominance. 53. b.
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24. 8 VV 25. 8 OVC 26. 7 BKN 27. as
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A-14
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A-16
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A-18
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18. 1200 UTC or other time modified
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9. Lower layer has 1 /8ths coverage
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16. METAR KFFF 312148Z 36005KT 1 1/
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43. METAR KGGG 052145Z 05009KT 4SM
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WET BULB TEMPERATURES 31 32 33 34 3
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WS Form B-11 (12-96) Pres. by WSOH
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C-3
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. If an altimeter setting indicator
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Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

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