Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

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25. At no time shall an observation be started more than minutes prior to the scheduled observation time. 26. Corrected reports are not transmitted if they are: a. more than 15 minutes old b. superseded by a later report c. recorded locally d. only minor corrections 27. What remark is appended to the report of a METAR or SPECI observation that is not transmitted? 28. People authorized to take weather observations: a. need no training or certification b. must have training but not certification c. must be certified by the National Weather Service d. are not paid 29. Place the following groups in the order in which they occur in METAR/SPECI: date and time of report sky condition visibility type of report present weather report modifier altimeter wind temperature and dew point station identifier manual and plain language remarks 30. If an element does not occur or cannot be observed, it is: a. marked missing b. estimated c. omitted from the report d. added from complementary data 31. The time of observation, which is entered in Column 2 for the NWS, is in: a. UTC b. LST c. LDT d. GMT 1-10
2.1 Wind Group - dddff(f)Gfmf m(f m)KT CHAPTER 2 WIND The wind group is the first weather element reported in a METAR/SPECI and immediately follows the Date/Time group in the transmitted coded report. Observing and reporting wind speed and direction are relatively easy. 2.1.1 Wind Direction - ddd The direction is reported using three characters. When using direct reading dials, you determine the wind direction by averaging the direction over a 2-minute period. The true wind direction is reported in tens of degrees using three digits. The third character will always be a zero. See Table 2-1, Wind Direction in Tens of Degrees. 2.1.2 Wind Speed - ff(f) Wind speed is reported using two digits or three when necessary. If the direction was determined to be variable (VRB) and the wind speed is 6 knots or less, the speed is appended to the VRB, e.g., VRB05. However, wind directions should be reported whenever they can be determined even when the wind speed is 6 knots or less, e.g., 14004. A calm wind (less than 1 knot) is coded with five zeros, e.g., 00000. The transmitted coded group ends with the letters “KT” to indicate the unit of measurement is in knots; however, it is not recorded on MF1M-10. Examples of Transmitted/Coded Data: 31015KT VRB04KT 040112KT 2.1.3 Wind Gusts - Gfmf m(f m) 14004KT 00000KT Reporting gusts is a bit more difficult. The wind gust is coded in two or three digits immediately following the wind speed. The wind data for the most recent 10 minutes are evaluated. Gusts are indicated by rapid fluctuations in wind speed with a variation of 10 knots or more between peaks and lulls. The speed of the gust shall be the maximum instantaneous wind speed. The letter “G” is placed right before the wind gust speed in the transmitted coded report; however, it is not recorded in column 5 of MF1M-10. Examples of Transmitted/Coded Data: 31015G25KT 090115G125KT Squalls are reported in Present Weather and are also part of what makes up the wind character. A Squall is a sudden increase in average wind speed of at least 16 knots and sustained at 22 knots or more and lasting for at least 1 minute. The difference between Gust and Squall is duration and intensity of the increase. 2-1
Page 1 and 2: Training Guide in Surface Weather O
Page 3: PREFACE METAR/SPECI is the internat
Page 6 and 7: CHAPTER 7 - PRESSURE ..............
Page 8 and 9: 1.2 Content and Format of the Manua
Page 10 and 11: 1.6 Report Modifier - COR An observ
Page 12 and 13: 1-6
Page 14 and 15: 12. A METAR observation contains se
Page 18 and 19: 2.1.4 Estimated Winds Though winds
Page 20 and 21: 2-4
Page 22 and 23: Code the following wind situations
Page 24 and 25: 19. Which of the following wind par
Page 26 and 27: 3.1 Visibility 1 CHAPTER 3 VISIBILI
Page 28 and 29: 3.2.3 Surface and Tower Visibility
Page 30 and 31: SUR- FACE VISIBILITY PRESENT WEATHE
Page 32 and 33: 3.3 Visibility Chart As an aid for
Page 34 and 35: OUTLINE DETERMINING VISIBILITY From
Page 36 and 37: REVIEW QUESTIONS Select the best an
Page 38 and 39: 11. 12. At the time of observation,
Page 40 and 41: 23. Weather conditions being equal,
Page 42 and 43: 38. Visibility of 2 3/8 miles is re
Page 44 and 45: When more than one type of present
Page 46 and 47: 4.1.2 Descriptors Descriptors are q
Page 48 and 49: Obscurations that stand alone, i.e.
Page 50 and 51: Question: What does an observer do
Page 52 and 53: Footnotes for Weather Phenomena Mat
Page 54 and 55: 9. +FZRA a. Severe freezing rain b.
Page 56 and 57: 23. Volcanic ash is reported: a. wh
Page 58 and 59: 37. Match the following present wea
Page 60 and 61: 46. Which of the following precipit
Page 62 and 63: 59. Steady rain is observed 4 miles
Page 64 and 65: 72. Rain showers of an unknown inte
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5.2 Sky Cover Figure 5-2. Weather O
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Example 5-2. One Layer with Single
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Figure 5-4. Advancing Layer (sky co
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5-8
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Figure 5-10. Surface-base Layer Sur
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Example 5-5. Four Layers. The follo
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Example 5-8. One Layer. Example 5-9
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1 CU - Cumulus 1 Example 5-12. Mult
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layer aloft will be considered as m
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5. When a balloon is used for deter
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OUTLINE DETERMINING SKY COVER AMOUN
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Select the correct answer. REVIEW Q
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20. If a layer aloft has less than
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40. Match the following reportable
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6.1 Temperature and Dew Point - T
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6. Obtain the difference between th
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Other examples of determining wet-b
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The conversion from ice to water ca
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a. Read right end of index in minim
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Figure 6-8. Reading a Thermometer t
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TIME G LST G UTC (2) TEMP. (°C) DE
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Method II: Centrifugal Force A shor
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INSTRUCTIONS: Select the best answe
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16. Under what conditions is the de
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6-21 +130 129 128 127 126 +125 124
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6-23
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The altimeter setting shall be repo
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7-4
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7. Sea-level pressure is an adjustm
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2. Additive Data [NA SAWRS] 3- and
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8.2.2.2 24-Hour Precipitation Amoun
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When finished, put the emptied meas
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8.3.3.1 Depth of New Snow (Snowfall
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8-10
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10. A thunderstorm is overhead, mov
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26. A 6-hourly maximum temperature
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CHAPTER 9 REVIEW EXERCISES OBSERVIN
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Exercise #3 Lower layer has ____/8t
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Exercise #5 Surface based layer has
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Exercise #7 Total sky coverage is _
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Exercise #9 Lower layer has ____/8t
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Exercise #11 Total sky coverage is
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QUALITY CONTROL EXERCISE Each of th
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21. METAR KKKK 282045Z E29006KT 7SM
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42. METAR KFFF 302250Z 03008KT 40SM
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16. a. METAR 17. b. second 18. d. f
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11. - a change in wind direction of
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...unfocused lights of moderate int
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22. b precipitation occurring not a
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52. b. decreasing dominance. 53. b.
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24. 8 VV 25. 8 OVC 26. 7 BKN 27. as
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A-14
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A-16
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A-18
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18. 1200 UTC or other time modified
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9. Lower layer has 1 /8ths coverage
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16. METAR KFFF 312148Z 36005KT 1 1/
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43. METAR KGGG 052145Z 05009KT 4SM
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WET BULB TEMPERATURES 31 32 33 34 3
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WS Form B-11 (12-96) Pres. by WSOH
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C-3
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. If an altimeter setting indicator
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Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

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