Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

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8.3.3.1 Depth of New Snow (Snowfall) The depth of new snow (snowfall), 931nnn, is reported every six hours at 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC when any amount of snow has fallen in the past six hours. It is not included in a METAR report, but it is reported by NWS stations in supplementary climatological data observations. The report represents the depth of new snow (i.e., snow, snow pellets, snow grains, ice pellets, ice crystals, and hail) in the past six hours reported in tens, units, and tenths of inches, using three digits. The amount reported is the actual amount that has fallen, even if some (or all) of it melted by the time of observation. Trace amounts are reported as 931000. If the depth consists entirely of hail, the group is omitted. Measure the greatest amount of snowfall that has accumulated on your snow board (wooden deck or ground if board is not available) since the previous snowfall observation. This measurement should reflect the greatest accumulation of new snow observed in the past six hours. If snowfall occurred several times during the six-hour period, and each snowfall melted either completely or in part before the next snowfall, report the total of the greatest snow depths of each event (i.e., though the report reflects a six- hour accumulation, to obtain the greatest amount may require you to take several measurements during this period). Make sure you clear the snow board or other measuring surface no more than once every six hours. Note the following examples: a. During the 6-hour period it snowed two times. The first snowfall accumulated 3.7 inches of new snow. Before the second snow, 3.5 inches of the new snow melts. The second snow adds another 0.8 inches of new snow. The depth of new snow would be coded 931045. b. During the 6-hour period it snows only one time but the snowfall ends prior to the observation. The event is of long duration and adds 16.3 inches of new snow. Between melting and drifting, there are only 9.4 inches of snow left at the time of observation. The depth of new snow would be coded 931163. If snow continually melts as it lands and the accumulation never reaches 0.1 inches on your measuring surface, record the snowfall as a trace and record in column 65 that the snow “melted as it landed.” It is essential to measure snowfall in a location where the effects of blowing and drifting are minimized. Finding a good location where snow accumulates uniformly simplifies all other aspects of the observation and reduces the numerous opportunities for error. In heavily forested locations, try to find an exposed clearing in the trees. Measurements beneath trees are inaccurate because large amounts of snow can accumulate on trees and never reach the ground. Hourly snowfall measurements may be made for local use (there is no national requirement for this information), but they are not to be used or totaled for climatological purposes. 8.4 Contractions Authorized contractions are a shortened form of a word that is used for brevity, to conserve time and space, and should be used whenever possible. However, in no case should an essential remark be omitted for the lack of readily available contractions. In such cases, the only requirement is that the remark be clear. The following is only a partial list of the authorized contractions that can be used in the remarks section of the aviation weather observation. A larger list of contractions can be found in Appendix A of your station’s WSOH. 8-8
“VC” when used in remarks for obscurations means 5 to 10 statute miles from the station. “VC” when used with precipitation means that the precipitation (any type) is not occurring at the point of observation but is observed within 10 statute miles. Other contractions: ACFT ................................................................. Aircraft ACFT MSHP .....................................................Aircraft Mishap ALQDS .......................................................... All Quadrants CA ............................................................... Cloud to Air CC ............................................................. Cloud to Cloud CG ............................................................ Cloud to Ground CIG....................................................................Ceiling CLD ....................................................................Cloud CONS.............................................................. Continuous COR ................................................................ Correction DSNT ..................................................................Distant DSPTG............................................................. Dissipating E ........................................................................ East FRQ ................................................................. Frequent INTMT............................................................. Intermittent LAST ..................................... Last Observation of the Normal Work Day LOC ................................................................. Location MOV ...........................................................Moving, Moved MTN.................................................................Mountain N....................................................................... North NE ..................................................................Northeast NW................................................................. Northwest OBSCD .............................................................. Obscured OCNL...............................................................Occasional OHD................................................................. Overhead RGD .................................................................. Ragged RMK ................................................................. Remark RWY ................................................................. Runway S ....................................................................... South SE...................................................................Southeast SEAS .......................................................Height of Sea Waves SW ................................................................. Southwest UNKN ...............................................................Unknown VIS .................................................................. Visibility VRB ..................................................................Variable W ...................................................................... West WSHFT .............................................................Wind Shift WT .......................................................... Water Temperature 8.5 Difference Between Coded Report and MF1M-10 Entries In the transmitted report, Remarks are separated from the body of the report by a space and the contraction “RMK.” If there are no remarks, the contraction “RMK” is not reported. “RMK” is never entered in column 14 of MF1M-10. 8-9
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Training Guide in Surface Weather O
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PREFACE METAR/SPECI is the internat
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CHAPTER 7 - PRESSURE ..............
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1.2 Content and Format of the Manua
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1.6 Report Modifier - COR An observ
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1-6
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12. A METAR observation contains se
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25. At no time shall an observation
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2.1.4 Estimated Winds Though winds
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2-4
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Code the following wind situations
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19. Which of the following wind par
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3.1 Visibility 1 CHAPTER 3 VISIBILI
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3.2.3 Surface and Tower Visibility
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SUR- FACE VISIBILITY PRESENT WEATHE
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3.3 Visibility Chart As an aid for
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OUTLINE DETERMINING VISIBILITY From
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REVIEW QUESTIONS Select the best an
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11. 12. At the time of observation,
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23. Weather conditions being equal,
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38. Visibility of 2 3/8 miles is re
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When more than one type of present
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4.1.2 Descriptors Descriptors are q
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Obscurations that stand alone, i.e.
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Question: What does an observer do
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Footnotes for Weather Phenomena Mat
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9. +FZRA a. Severe freezing rain b.
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23. Volcanic ash is reported: a. wh
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37. Match the following present wea
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46. Which of the following precipit
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59. Steady rain is observed 4 miles
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72. Rain showers of an unknown inte
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5.2 Sky Cover Figure 5-2. Weather O
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Example 5-2. One Layer with Single
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Figure 5-4. Advancing Layer (sky co
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5-8
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Figure 5-10. Surface-base Layer Sur
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Example 5-5. Four Layers. The follo
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Example 5-8. One Layer. Example 5-9
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Page 82 and 83: layer aloft will be considered as m
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Page 86 and 87: OUTLINE DETERMINING SKY COVER AMOUN
Page 88 and 89: Select the correct answer. REVIEW Q
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Page 92 and 93: 40. Match the following reportable
Page 94 and 95: 6.1 Temperature and Dew Point - T
Page 96 and 97: 6. Obtain the difference between th
Page 98 and 99: Other examples of determining wet-b
Page 100 and 101: The conversion from ice to water ca
Page 102 and 103: a. Read right end of index in minim
Page 104 and 105: Figure 6-8. Reading a Thermometer t
Page 106 and 107: TIME G LST G UTC (2) TEMP. (°C) DE
Page 108 and 109: Method II: Centrifugal Force A shor
Page 110 and 111: INSTRUCTIONS: Select the best answe
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Page 114 and 115: 6-21 +130 129 128 127 126 +125 124
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Page 138 and 139: CHAPTER 9 REVIEW EXERCISES OBSERVIN
Page 140 and 141: Exercise #3 Lower layer has ____/8t
Page 142 and 143: Exercise #5 Surface based layer has
Page 144 and 145: Exercise #7 Total sky coverage is _
Page 146 and 147: Exercise #9 Lower layer has ____/8t
Page 148 and 149: Exercise #11 Total sky coverage is
Page 150 and 151: QUALITY CONTROL EXERCISE Each of th
Page 152 and 153: 21. METAR KKKK 282045Z E29006KT 7SM
Page 154 and 155: 42. METAR KFFF 302250Z 03008KT 40SM
Page 156 and 157: 16. a. METAR 17. b. second 18. d. f
Page 158 and 159: 11. - a change in wind direction of
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Page 164 and 165: 52. b. decreasing dominance. 53. b.
Page 166 and 167: 24. 8 VV 25. 8 OVC 26. 7 BKN 27. as
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43. METAR KGGG 052145Z 05009KT 4SM
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WET BULB TEMPERATURES 31 32 33 34 3
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WS Form B-11 (12-96) Pres. by WSOH
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C-3
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. If an altimeter setting indicator
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Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

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