Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

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2. Additive Data [NA SAWRS] 3- and 6-Hour Precipitation Amount Hourly Temperature and Dew Point 24-Hour Precipitation 6-Hourly Maximum Temperature Snow Depth on the Ground 6-Hourly Minimum Temperature Water Equivalent of Snow on the Ground 24-Hour Max/Min Temperature Cloud Types 3-Hourly Pressure Tendency Duration of Sunshine 8.2 Some of the More Important Remarks You should become familiar enough with the instructions in your station’s WSOH to recognize what requires a Remark. When in doubt, you should refer to the instructions in the Handbook for details. Some of the more important Remarks are discussed in the following paragraphs. 8.2.1 Manual and Plain Language Remarks 8.2.1.1 Volcanic Eruptions Reports of volcanic eruption shall be disseminated, by any means possible, regardless of the delay. The remark shall be plain language and contain the following, if known: 1. Name of volcano. 2. Latitude and longitude or the direction and approximate distance from the station. 3. Date/Time (UTC) of the eruption. 4. Size description, approximate height, and direction of movement of the ash cloud. 5. Any other pertinent data about the eruption. 8.2.1.2 Variable Ceiling As stated before, whenever the average height of the ceiling is less than 3,000 feet and is varying rapidly according to the criteria given in WSOH, a remark shall be included in column 14 of MF1M-10 giving the range of variability. The Remark CIG 008V010 indicates a ceiling varying between 800 and 1,000 feet. When entering this Remark, use the highest and lowest observed heights observed within 15 minutes of the actual time of the observation.. 8.2.1.3 Obscuration Aloft A layer of clouds at 200 feet and a layer of smoke at 200 feet might indicate two different situations to a pilot inbound to your station; yet, in the sky condition portion of the coded report, they would both appear as BKN002 or something similar. So that the report is not misleading, include a Remark in the report to indicate that a layer aloft consists of an obscuring phenomenon. Enter the symbol for the type of phenomenon, a space, then the layer amount and height. For example, the Remark “FU BKN002” indicates that the 200-foot broken layer you reported in the sky condition (column 10) is composed of smoke. 8.2.1.4 Surface-based Obscuration A surface-based obscuration means that part of the sky is hidden by some surfaced-based phenomenon. This is reported using the sky cover amount of the obscuration (FEW, SCT, BKN) and the height of “000” in the body of the report. It is also reported in remarks. The remark shall consist of the 8-2
phenomenon causing the obscuration, a space, then the layer amount and height. For example, the Remark “HZ SCT000” indicates that haze at the surface is hiding 3/8 to 4/8 of the sky. 8.2.1.5 Significant Cloud Types Certain types of clouds are of particular importance to pilots. You are expected to be able to recognize them. The direction of movement is the direction toward which the clouds are moving. 1. Cumulonimbus (CB) with or without an anvil. These are large cumulus-type clouds with dark bases and are threatening in appearance. Report CB followed by direction from station, and if known, the movement of the cloud with each entry separated by a space. For example, a CB up to 10 statute miles southeast of the station moving toward the north would be coded “CB VC SE MOV N.” A CB more than 10 statute miles east of the station would be coded “CB DSNT E.” 2. Cumulonimbus Mamma (CBMAM). This is a dark cloud with rounded protuberances hanging downward from its base. Report CBMAM followed by the direction from the station, and if known, the direction of movement of the cloud; e.g., “CBMAM ALQDS MOV N.” Append CB to the cloud layer in the body of the report. 3. Towering Cumulus (TCU). This cloud is similar to “fair weather cumulus” but has a distinctly shaded, often dark base, and strong vertical development. Report TCU followed by the direction from the station; e.g., “TCU NW” or, if a towering cumulus cloud is more than 10 statute miles west of the station, you would code “TCU DSNT W.” 4. Altocumulus Castellanus (ACC). These clouds are similar to cumulus clouds but are at a higher level and are usually smaller. Report ACC followed by the direction from the station. For example, an altocumulus cloud 5 to 10 statute miles northeast of the station would be coded “ACC VC NE.” 5. Standing Lenticular, stratocumulus (SCSL), altocumulus (ACSL), or cirrocumulus (CCSL). These clouds usually form in patches in the shape of plates, saucers, lenses, etc. They typically form on the lee side of mountains or ridges and are often observed at several levels. Report the cloud type followed by the direction from the station; entries shall be separated by a space. For example, stratocumulus standing lenticular clouds observed east through south of the station would be coded “SCSL E-S,” and altocumulus standing lenticular clouds over the station would be coded “ACSL OHD.” 6. Rotor Clouds. These clouds form on the lee side of mountains or ridges. Report ROTOR CLD followed by the direction from the station. For example, an apparent rotor cloud 5 to 10 statute miles northwest of the station would be coded “APRNT ROTOR CLD VC NW.” 8.2.2 Additive Data Remarks 8.2.2.1 3- and 6-Hourly Precipitation Amount The amount of precipitation (water equivalent) accumulated in the past 3 hours is reported in the 3hourly report, and the amount accumulated in the past 6 hours is reported in the 6-hourly report. The amount of precipitation is coded in the group 6RRRR, using the tens, units, tenths, and hundredths of inches. For example, 0.15 inches of precipitation would be coded 60015. If an indeterminable amount of precipitation occurred during the observing period, 6//// is coded. A trace is coded 60000. If no precipitation occurred during the observing period, the group is omitted. 8-3
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Training Guide in Surface Weather O
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PREFACE METAR/SPECI is the internat
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CHAPTER 7 - PRESSURE ..............
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1.2 Content and Format of the Manua
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1.6 Report Modifier - COR An observ
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1-6
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12. A METAR observation contains se
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25. At no time shall an observation
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2.1.4 Estimated Winds Though winds
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2-4
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Code the following wind situations
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19. Which of the following wind par
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3.1 Visibility 1 CHAPTER 3 VISIBILI
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3.2.3 Surface and Tower Visibility
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SUR- FACE VISIBILITY PRESENT WEATHE
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3.3 Visibility Chart As an aid for
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OUTLINE DETERMINING VISIBILITY From
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REVIEW QUESTIONS Select the best an
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11. 12. At the time of observation,
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23. Weather conditions being equal,
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38. Visibility of 2 3/8 miles is re
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When more than one type of present
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4.1.2 Descriptors Descriptors are q
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Obscurations that stand alone, i.e.
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Question: What does an observer do
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Footnotes for Weather Phenomena Mat
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9. +FZRA a. Severe freezing rain b.
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23. Volcanic ash is reported: a. wh
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37. Match the following present wea
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46. Which of the following precipit
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59. Steady rain is observed 4 miles
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72. Rain showers of an unknown inte
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5.2 Sky Cover Figure 5-2. Weather O
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Example 5-2. One Layer with Single
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Figure 5-4. Advancing Layer (sky co
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5-8
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Page 82 and 83: layer aloft will be considered as m
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Page 88 and 89: Select the correct answer. REVIEW Q
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Page 94 and 95: 6.1 Temperature and Dew Point - T
Page 96 and 97: 6. Obtain the difference between th
Page 98 and 99: Other examples of determining wet-b
Page 100 and 101: The conversion from ice to water ca
Page 102 and 103: a. Read right end of index in minim
Page 104 and 105: Figure 6-8. Reading a Thermometer t
Page 106 and 107: TIME G LST G UTC (2) TEMP. (°C) DE
Page 108 and 109: Method II: Centrifugal Force A shor
Page 110 and 111: INSTRUCTIONS: Select the best answe
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Page 144 and 145: Exercise #7 Total sky coverage is _
Page 146 and 147: Exercise #9 Lower layer has ____/8t
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Page 150 and 151: QUALITY CONTROL EXERCISE Each of th
Page 152 and 153: 21. METAR KKKK 282045Z E29006KT 7SM
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Page 156 and 157: 16. a. METAR 17. b. second 18. d. f
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18. 1200 UTC or other time modified
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9. Lower layer has 1 /8ths coverage
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16. METAR KFFF 312148Z 36005KT 1 1/
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43. METAR KGGG 052145Z 05009KT 4SM
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WET BULB TEMPERATURES 31 32 33 34 3
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WS Form B-11 (12-96) Pres. by WSOH
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C-3
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. If an altimeter setting indicator
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