Training Guide in Surface Weather Observations - Multiple Choices

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TIME G LST G UTC (2) TEMP. (°C) DEW POINT (°C) TEMP. DRY BULB (0.1°C) TEMP. WET BULB (0.1°C) (11) (12) (19) (20) 0355 22 15 22.1 17.8 0456 24 23 24.0 23.3 0551 25 24 24.8 24.5 0656 23 18 23.4 20.0 0752 24 16 23.9 18.3 0858 26 24 26.3 22.8 0958 28 24 28.3 25.0 TIM E G LST G UTC (26) M ID TO NO. PRECIP. (In s.) SNOW FALL (In s.) SNOW DEPTH (In s.) M AX. TEM P. (0 .1 ° C) MIN. TEM P. (0 .1 ° C) (27) (33) (34) (35) (31) (32) 0345 26.0 18.3 0345 1 28.2 17.7 0945 2 29.3 21.9 1545 3 30.6 28.3 2145 4 33.1 24.3 MID 24.3 22.5 NO HYGROTHERMOMETER OR MAX./MIN. THERMOMETERS When recording maximum and minimum readings for a 6-hour period, the maximum must be as high, and the minimum must be as low, as the dry-bulb temperature recorded in the period beginning at the time of the recording of the last 6-hourly readings. HYGROTHERMOMETER OR MAX./MIN. THERMOMETERS When recording maximum and minimum readings for a 6hour period, the maximum must be as high or higher, and the minimum must be as low or lower, than the dry-bulb temperature recorded in the period beginning at the time of the last reading of the max. and min. thermometers. Entries are not made on these lines when midnight LST corresponds to either 0000, 0600, 1200, or 1800. Maximum Temperature Minimum Temperature Record the appropriate temperatures in tenths of degrees Celsius. Entries on lines 1, 2, 3, and 4 are the extremes for the previous 6 hours. The entries on the line marked “MID TO” are the extremes during the period from midnight LST to the time of the first 6-hourly observation. The entries on the line marked “MID” are the extremes for the peroid from the last 6-hourly observation and midnight LST. 24-HR. MAXIMUM TEMP. (0.1° C) (57) 24-HR. MINIMUM TEMP. (0.1° C) (58) 33.1 18.3 SUMMARY OF DAY 24-HR. PRECIP. WATER EQUIV. (Ins.) (59) 6-13 24-HR. SNOWFALL UNMLTD. (Ins.) (60) 1200 UTC SNOW DEPTH (Ins.) Maximum Temperature Minimum Temperature Record the extreme temperatures occurring between midnight and midnight LST to the nearest tenth of degree Celsius. They may be taken from the entries in columns 31 and 32, disregarding the entries on line 1 if an entry has been made on the line captioned “MID TO.” Figure 6-10. Entry of Maximum and Minimum Temperatures on MF1M-10. (61)
6.8 Correcting Thermometer Errors Sometimes there may be breaks in the mercury or alcohol column, the thermometer may be too difficult to reset, or it may reset itself between readings. The following instructions tell how to correct some of these problems. If correction is impossible, replace the thermometer. 6.8.1 Correcting Maximum Thermometers The constriction may not be small enough in some thermometers to prevent the mercury from withdrawing into the bulb when the temperature falls after reaching its maximum value. Sometimes rough handling will cause this problem. To test for this defect, place the thermometer in a vertical position. If the mercury withdraws into the bulb without spinning the thermometer, the thermoneter must be replaced. If the constriction is too small, it may require many spins of the thermometer to get the mercury to return to the bulb, especially at low temperatures. Sometimes a small amount of mercury will lodge in the upper end of the bore. If so, hold the thermometer vertically with the bulb upward. Tap the metal back of the thermometer gently with a finger until the column joins the mercury at the bottom. Lower the bulb, allowing the column to slide slowly down the bore to the constriction. When the mercury cannot be united as above, remove the thermometer from the support and whirl it as in Method II of section 6.8.2. If all fails, replace the thermometer. 6.8.2 Correcting Minimum Thermometers Sometimes the alcohol column of a minimum thermometer separates into small parts, causing incorrect readings. Separations may appear as small bubbles making the column too long and readings too high, and trapping the index. Some alcohol may separate completely and remain in the upper portion of the bore, resulting in readings too low. The thermometer should be inspected regularly for these problems. The methods described below may have to be repeated several times, taking 15 to 20 minutes, before the column can be joined. The thermometer should be kept in a vertical position for several hours after parts of the column have been joined, in order that alcohol clinging to the sides of the bore will drain down. When repeated attempts fail to join the alcohol column, replace the thermometer. Method I: Tapping Grasp the thermometer slightly below the middle with the bulb end down. Strike the edge of the metal back sharply against the palm of your hand as shown in Figure 6-11. Repeat this procedure several times. The thermometer must not be held so that your fingers or any part of your hand presses against the stem. The bulb end may also be tapped on an open book. Figure 6-11. Joining the Alcohol Column - Tapping Method 6-14
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Training Guide in Surface Weather O
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PREFACE METAR/SPECI is the internat
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CHAPTER 7 - PRESSURE ..............
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1.2 Content and Format of the Manua
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1.6 Report Modifier - COR An observ
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1-6
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12. A METAR observation contains se
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25. At no time shall an observation
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2.1.4 Estimated Winds Though winds
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2-4
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Code the following wind situations
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19. Which of the following wind par
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3.1 Visibility 1 CHAPTER 3 VISIBILI
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3.2.3 Surface and Tower Visibility
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SUR- FACE VISIBILITY PRESENT WEATHE
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3.3 Visibility Chart As an aid for
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OUTLINE DETERMINING VISIBILITY From
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REVIEW QUESTIONS Select the best an
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11. 12. At the time of observation,
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23. Weather conditions being equal,
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38. Visibility of 2 3/8 miles is re
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When more than one type of present
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4.1.2 Descriptors Descriptors are q
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Obscurations that stand alone, i.e.
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Question: What does an observer do
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Footnotes for Weather Phenomena Mat
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9. +FZRA a. Severe freezing rain b.
Page 56 and 57: 23. Volcanic ash is reported: a. wh
Page 58 and 59: 37. Match the following present wea
Page 60 and 61: 46. Which of the following precipit
Page 62 and 63: 59. Steady rain is observed 4 miles
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Page 66 and 67: 5.2 Sky Cover Figure 5-2. Weather O
Page 68 and 69: Example 5-2. One Layer with Single
Page 70 and 71: Figure 5-4. Advancing Layer (sky co
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Page 76 and 77: Example 5-5. Four Layers. The follo
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Page 80 and 81: 1 CU - Cumulus 1 Example 5-12. Mult
Page 82 and 83: layer aloft will be considered as m
Page 84 and 85: 5. When a balloon is used for deter
Page 86 and 87: OUTLINE DETERMINING SKY COVER AMOUN
Page 88 and 89: Select the correct answer. REVIEW Q
Page 90 and 91: 20. If a layer aloft has less than
Page 92 and 93: 40. Match the following reportable
Page 94 and 95: 6.1 Temperature and Dew Point - T
Page 96 and 97: 6. Obtain the difference between th
Page 98 and 99: Other examples of determining wet-b
Page 100 and 101: The conversion from ice to water ca
Page 102 and 103: a. Read right end of index in minim
Page 104 and 105: Figure 6-8. Reading a Thermometer t
Page 108 and 109: Method II: Centrifugal Force A shor
Page 110 and 111: INSTRUCTIONS: Select the best answe
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Page 136 and 137: 26. A 6-hourly maximum temperature
Page 138 and 139: CHAPTER 9 REVIEW EXERCISES OBSERVIN
Page 140 and 141: Exercise #3 Lower layer has ____/8t
Page 142 and 143: Exercise #5 Surface based layer has
Page 144 and 145: Exercise #7 Total sky coverage is _
Page 146 and 147: Exercise #9 Lower layer has ____/8t
Page 148 and 149: Exercise #11 Total sky coverage is
Page 150 and 151: QUALITY CONTROL EXERCISE Each of th
Page 152 and 153: 21. METAR KKKK 282045Z E29006KT 7SM
Page 154 and 155: 42. METAR KFFF 302250Z 03008KT 40SM
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16. a. METAR 17. b. second 18. d. f
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11. - a change in wind direction of
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...unfocused lights of moderate int
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22. b precipitation occurring not a
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52. b. decreasing dominance. 53. b.
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24. 8 VV 25. 8 OVC 26. 7 BKN 27. as
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A-14
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A-16
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A-18
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18. 1200 UTC or other time modified
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9. Lower layer has 1 /8ths coverage
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16. METAR KFFF 312148Z 36005KT 1 1/
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43. METAR KGGG 052145Z 05009KT 4SM
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WET BULB TEMPERATURES 31 32 33 34 3
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WS Form B-11 (12-96) Pres. by WSOH
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C-3
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. If an altimeter setting indicator
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