CHAPTER 2: Introduction Hopefully, future studies may better define the molecular mechanisms <strong>of</strong> GC actions, thus triggering the discovery <strong>of</strong> new GC formulations providing a better pharmacokinetic pr<strong>of</strong>ile and fewer adverse effects. As GCs may be a potential treatment for OA, the effects <strong>of</strong> prednisolone and dexamethasone on <strong>bone</strong> and cartilage cells are investigated in PAPER II 34
2.5 References for CHAPTER 2 1 WebMD. Better information. Better health. http://www.webmd.com/rheumatoidarthritis/guide/most-common-arthritis-types. 2011; 2 Gigtforeningen. www.gigtforeningen.dk/viden+om+gigt/diagnoser/slidgi gt. 2011; 3 Wu C.W. and Kalunian K.C. New developments in osteoarthritis. Clin Geriatr Med. 2005;21(3):589-601, vii. 4 Lawrence R.C., Helmick C.G., Arnett F.C., Deyo R.A., Felson D.T., Giannini E.H., Heyse S.P. et al. Estimates <strong>of</strong> the prevalence <strong>of</strong> arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41(5):778-799. 5 Moskowitz R.W., Altman R.D., Hochberg M.C., Buckwalter J.A., and Goldberg V.M. Chapter 3. Osteoarthritis; Diagnosis and Medical/surgical Management. 2007;4th(3) 6 Cooper C., Cook P.L., Osmond C., Fisher L., and Cawley M.I. Osteoarthritis <strong>of</strong> the hip and osteoporosis <strong>of</strong> the proximal femur. Ann Rheum Dis. 1991;50(8):540-542. 7 Foss M.V. and Byers P.D. Bone density, osteoarthrosis <strong>of</strong> the hip, and fracture <strong>of</strong> the upper end <strong>of</strong> the femur. Ann Rheum Dis. 1972;31(4):259-264. 8 Hilal G., Martel-Pelletier J., Pelletier J.P., Ranger P., and Lajeunesse D. Osteoblast-like cells from human <strong>subchondral</strong> osteoarthritic <strong>bone</strong> demonstrate an altered phenotype in vitro: possible role in <strong>subchondral</strong> <strong>bone</strong> sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41(5):891-899. 9 Dequeker J., Aerssens J., and Luyten F.P. Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis: clinical and research evidence <strong>of</strong> inverse relationship. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2003;15(5):426-439. 10 Brandt K.D., Doherty M., and Lomander L.S. Osteoarthritis. 2003; 11 Goldring M.B. Update on the biology <strong>of</strong> the chondrocyte and new approaches to treating cartilage diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006;20(5):1003-1025. 12 Felson D.T., Lawrence R.C., Dieppe P.A., Hirsch R., Helmick C.G., Jordan J.M., Kington R.S. et al. Osteoarthritis: new insights. Part 1: the disease and its risk factors. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(8):635-646. 13 Worrall J.G. Understanding Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005; CHAPTER 2: Introduction 35 14 Rowan A.D. Cartilage catabolism in arthritis: factors that influence homeostasis. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2001;2001:1- 20. 15 Burr D.B. Targeted and nontargeted remodeling. Bone. 2002;30(1):2-4. 16 Baron R, Olsen B.J, Lian J.B, Canalis E., Monroe D.G., Robey P.G., Mundy G.R. et al. Anatomy and Biology <strong>of</strong> Bone Matrix and Cellular Elements. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders <strong>of</strong> Mineral Metabolism. 2003;5:1-58. 17 Clarke B. Normal <strong>bone</strong> anatomy and physiology. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3 Suppl 3:S131-S139. 18 Erlebacher A., Filvar<strong>of</strong>f E.H., Gitelman S.E., and Derynck R. Toward a molecular understanding <strong>of</strong> skeletal development. Cell. 1995;80(3):371-378. 19 Keraplis A.C. Principles <strong>of</strong> <strong>bone</strong> biology. 2002;33-58. 20 Provot S. and Schipani E. Molecular mechanisms <strong>of</strong> endochondral <strong>bone</strong> development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;328(3):658-665. 21 Seeman E. and Delmas P.D. Bone quality--the material and structural basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>bone</strong> strength and fragility. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(21):2250-2261. 22 Robey P.G. and Bodkey A.L. Extracellular matrix and biomineralization <strong>of</strong> <strong>bone</strong>. Primer on the metabolic <strong>bone</strong> diseases and disorders <strong>of</strong> mineral metabolism. 2003;5(6):38-46. 23 Baron R. General principles <strong>of</strong> Bone Biology. Primer on the metabolic <strong>bone</strong> diseases and disorders <strong>of</strong> mineral metabolism. 2003;(1):1-8. 24 Matos M.A., Araujo F.P., and Paixao F.B. Histomorphometric evaluation <strong>of</strong> <strong>bone</strong> healing in rabbit fibular osteotomy model without fixation. J Orthop Surg Res. 2008;3:4- 25 Matsuo K. Cross-talk among <strong>bone</strong> cells. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2009;18(4):292-297. 26 Matsuo K. and Irie N. Osteoclast-osteoblast communication. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008;473(2):201- 209. 27 Henriksen K., Neutzsky-Wulff A.V., Bonewald L.F., and Karsdal M.A. Local communication on and within <strong>bone</strong> controls <strong>bone</strong> remodeling. Bone. 2009;44(6):1026-1033.