Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ...

latter half voiceless. As for the flap and tap, the flap and tap movements
are made with voicing, followed by a h-sound (or a voiceless vocoid)
before the stop closure is made.
Table 3–9. Reflexes of ON stops in the Swedish Gräsö dialect in terms of
voicing conditions. Note that relatively few clusters with a stop as the first
element are attested. (Further explanation in text and discussion of Table 3–1).
ON examples 1 Gräsö Swedish
tala ~ dala + =/
mata *
átta ~ odda =/
vanta ~ vanda (mnlr) =/
vakna (k+nlrt, tr)
vaxa (ks and ts only) =
Table 3–9 summarises the development of ON stops in the Gräsö
dialect, and provides an overview of the way ON stops in different contexts
are reflected in terms of voicing conditions. Cf. section 3.1 (Table
3–1) for an explanation of the conventions used in the table.
3.5.4 Kökar and the Åboland archipelago
In his doctoral thesis, Karsten (1892) described preaspiration in the
Swedish dialect spoken on the island Kökar, one of the southernmost
inhabited islands in the Åland archipelago (see map in Figure 3-6).
According to his description, the Kökar dialect reflects the ON
geminate fortis stops, pp, tt, kk, as preaspirated. Karsten’s examples include
hp ‘paw,’ h ‘night’ and bæhk ‘creeks.’ Stops that
derive from ON singleton fortis stops, p, t, k, have various outcomes,
depending on whether they occur in ON light or heavy syllables. 2 For
ON heavy syllables, VC(V), the outcome in the Kökar dialect is generally
also a VC(V) syllable, in which the stop is voiceless and
unaspirated, e.g. buk ‘book’ and v ‘wheat.’
1 Glossary: tala ‘to speak,’ dala ‘valleys (gen.),’ mata ‘to feed,’ átta ‘eight,’ odda
‘points,’ vanta ‘to need,’ vanda ‘problem,’ vakna ‘to wake up (intr.),’ vaxa ‘to grow.’
2 ON light, heavy and overlong syllables are explained in more detail in the discussion
of the Gudbrandsdalen dialects (section 3.4.2).
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