Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ...

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Stölten, Katrin. 2002. Dialektalitet som ålders- och könsmarkör i arjeplogsdialekten: ett auditivt test och mätningar på preaspiration och VOT. C-uppsats, Stockholm University. Storm, Johan. 1908. “Norsk Lydskrift med Omrids af Fonetiken.” Norvegia. Tidsskrift for det norske folks maal og minder I: 1–179. Sundberg, Eva. 1993. Dialekten i Åland nordöstra skärgård. Mariehamn: Ålands högskola. Svantesson, Jan-Olof & Anastasia Karlsson. 2002. “Preaspiration in Mongolian.” In 8th International Congress of Mongolists, Ulaanbaatar, 5–12 August, 2002. Sweet, Henry. 1877. A handbook of phonetics including a popular exposition of the principles of spelling reform. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Thráinsson, Höskuldur. 1978. “On the phonology of Icelandic preaspiration.” Nordic Journal of Linguistics 1: 3–54. Þráinsson, Höskuldur & Kristján Árnason. 1992. “Phonological variation in 20th century Icelandic.” Íslenskt mál og almenn málfræði 14: 89–128. Titze, Ingo. 1989. “Physiologic and acoustic differences between male and female voices.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85(4): 1699– 1707. Todaeva, Buljash H. 1951. Grammatika sovremennogo mongol’skogo jazyka – Fonetika i morfologija. Moskva: Izd. AN SSSR. Traunmüller, Hartmut. 2001. “Size and physiological effort in the production of signed and spoken utterances.” Working Papers, Department of Linguistics, Lund University (Proceedings of Fonetik 2001, the XIVth Swedish Phonetics Conference, Örenäs, May 30 – June 1, 2001) (49): 164–167. Tronnier, Mechtild. 2002. “Preaspiration in Southern Swedish dialects.” TMH- QPSR (Proceedings of Fonetik 2002) 44: 33–36. Trubetzkoy, Nikolai S. 1962. Grundzüge der Phonologie. 3rd ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Tyler, Richard S., Quentin Summerfield, Elizabeth J. Wood & Mariano A. Fernandes. 1982. “Psychoacoustic and phonetic temporal processing in normal and hearing-impaired listeners.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 72: 740–752. Vladimircov, Boris J. 1929. Sravnitel’naja grammatika mongol’skogo pis’mennogo jazyka i halhaskogo narechija – vvedenie i fonetika. Leningrad: Izd. Leningradskogo Vostochnogo Instituta imeni A.S. Enukidz. Voegelin, Charles F., Florence M. Voegelin & K. Hale. 1962. Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan: I (Phonology). Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics, vol. 17. Baltimore: Waverly Press. Wagner, Heinrich. 1964. “Nordeuropäische Lautgeographie.” Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie XXIX: 224–98. – 254 –
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Preaspiration in the Nordic Languag
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PhD dissertation November 2002 Depa
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........
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4.4.4 Preaspiration duration — SW
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the following pages. Thanks also to
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ported, but these should only be ta
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Finally, in Chapter 5, the patterns
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lock (ibid:267; boldface mine). Wea
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closure, decay time of the glottal
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2 DEFINITION AND TYPOLOGY 2.1 Defin
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and Finnish the word [lhti] ‘bay
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turn into ChV sequences in which V
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2.2 Linking preaspiration and sonor
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The similarity in gestural organisa
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The fact that both preaspiration an
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have normative preaspiration, other
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usually expressed as unaspirated an
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while clusters have developed into
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ted as voiceless unaspirated or pos
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y a middle-aged male speaker. In bo
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ut this is not true of the “stand
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2.6 Auditory constraints and the ra
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The second criticism of Bladon’s
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in discharge rates in the auditory
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number of languages that possess se
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and Lappic (Finno-Ugric). It has be
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For the sake of simplicity and luci
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‘apple,’ [vh] vatnið ‘the wa
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Table 3-1. Reflexes of Old Norse st
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In the Northern dialect, V is sligh
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Pind’s experiments as well as the
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In Area 2, where Tórshavn is situa
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in VC syllables in their speech, ju
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Table 3-4. Reflexes of ON stops in
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long vowel followed by a preaspirat
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grams), with the occasional aid of
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quantity system instead of the ON f
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ON flytja). There are no examples o
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Table 3-7. Reflexes of ON stops in
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whether she thinks that leaving out
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(Hede, Linsäll and Sveg) as well a
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(VC vs. VC). For two pairs (/tak/ v
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stop sequences that remain to be di
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do occur systematic linguistic diff
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Gräsö Forsmark Valö S W E D E N
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There are very few examples of clus
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Kökar, in the Åboland archipelago
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one hand, speakers have a tendency
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ecent studies that corroborate thes
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example, in a particular dialect, t
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does not give her segmentation crit
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Scotland and Ireland 1 [hphthk] 2 [
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approximately 140-150 ms in VC syll
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1. South Saami (Southern & Ume Saam
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1987a), Estonian (Engstrand & Krull
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Table 3-13. Reflexes of ON postvoca
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and Tórshavn Faroese data were eli
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ducing breathiness into the voice q
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Figure 4-3. An example of a sequenc
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4.2 Central Standard Swedish (CSw)
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very large, since postaspiration wa
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Several spectrographic examples of
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The data indicate that there is lit
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produced and in 9 cases there were
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To examine effects of syllable stru
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preaspiration for lexically stresse
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durations exceeding 120 ms, preaspi
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mately 70 ms. Just before the stop
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noise becomes audibly postalveolar
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As regards nasal + fortis stop sequ
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most of the remaining instances he
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(comparable to our taverna type) ha
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The CSw data have shown that word-i
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golf ‘golf,’ in which the utter
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o Figure 4-35. Subj. GT: […tv]
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word-initial lenis stop preceded by
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(i.e., short mVOffT and long mVOT).
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make it easier to refer to stops in
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[mh] ‘food’ is used, and for fu
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clear stop correlate, 26 (7%) had a
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All subjects considered, for lenis
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Figure 4-45(a) plots preaspiration
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cluster and 2 instances with a kt c
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4.3.2.5 Postaspiration duration Ins
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closure gesture. As the escape chan
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fricative constriction cannot be at
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is glottal during the first 50 ms.
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4.3.4 Summary and discussion As reg
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from the preaspiration noise itself
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Many instances of word-medial forti
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In the Gräsö dialect, the sonoran
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that the presence of a voiceless na
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of this type as well. Remarkably, t
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On the whole, the fortis vs. lenis
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120 100 80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60
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Icelandic listeners, even though th
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discussion of possible reasons for
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Table 4-16. The findings of Indrið
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these speakers will henceforth be r
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lenes are often produced with a voi
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Nasal + stop sequences in the Weste
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inte ‘not’ without the final vo
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ange for the remaining subjects is
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For word-medial contexts data are a
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instances may have preaspiration on
Page 216 and 217: 4.6 Summary and conclusions The sur
Page 218 and 219: that the ON word-initial lenes have
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Page 230 and 231: Some Icelandic linguists seem to ha
Page 232 and 233: On a quite different note, Liberman
Page 234 and 235: dialect. With this in mind, Hansson
Page 236 and 237: (1997:114f), Iceland, the Faroes, J
Page 238 and 239: observed phonological distribution
Page 240 and 241: sense, preaspiration is linked more
Page 242 and 243: higher degree of spectral tilt than
Page 244 and 245: a failure to apply a process of per
Page 246 and 247: similar to that in CSw today. Some
Page 248 and 249: from t1 through t8, the productions
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Page 252 and 253: parameter such as VOT or F0, may th
Page 254 and 255: identity and paralinguistic informa
Page 256 and 257: —. 1974. “On the influence of N
Page 258 and 259: Gillies, William. 1993. “Scottish
Page 260 and 261: Johanson, Lars. 1998. “The histor
Page 262 and 263: Lyttkens, Ivar Adolf & Fredrik Amad
Page 264 and 265: —. 1995b. “Speaking rate, VOT a
Page 269: Department of Linguistics, Stockhol
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