Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ...

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—. 1995b. “Speaking rate, VOT and quantity: The search for higher-order invariants for two Icelandic speech cues.” Perception & Psychophysics 57: 291–304. —. 1996a. “Rate-dependent perception of aspiration and pre-aspiration in Icelandic.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 49A: 745–764. —. 1996b. “Rate-dependent perception of quantity in released and unreleased syllables in Icelandic.” Speech Communication. 19: 295–306. —. 1996c. “Spectral factors in the perception of quantity in Icelandic.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 37: 2117–2127. —. 1998. “Auditory and linguistic factors in the perception of voice onset time as a cue for preaspiration.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106: 434–437. Poppe, Nikolaus (Nikolaj N.) 1936. Stroj halha-mongol’skogo jazyka. Leningrad: Izd. leningradskogo nauchno-issledovatel’skogo instituta jazykoznanija. —. 1951. Khalkha-mongolische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Steiner. Posti, Lauri. 1954. “On the origin of the voiceless vowel in Lapp.” Svenska landsmål och svenskt folkliv 76–77: 199–209. Rammsayer, Thomas. 1998. “Analyse von reaktionszeiten auf den beginn und das ende eines akustischen reizes bei maennlichen und weiblichen versuchspersonen.” Psychologische Beitraege 40(3–4): 387–400. Ramstedt, Gustaf John. 1902. “Das schriftmongolische und die Urgamundart phonetisch verglichen.” Suomalais-ugrilaisen seuran aikakauskirja (Journal de la société finno-ougrienne) 21(2): 1–55. Ravila, Paavo. 1932. Das Quantitätssystem des seelappischen Dialektes von Maattivuono. Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia — Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 62. Helsinki: Helsinki University. Reitan, Jørgen. 1930. Vemdalsmålet, med oplysninger om andre Herjedalske mål. Oslo: Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi. Repp, Bruno. 1979. “Relative amplitude of aspiration noise as a voicing cue for syllable-initial consonants.” Language and Speech 22(2): 173–189. Riad, Tomas. 1992. Structures in Germanic Prosody. A diachronic study with special reference to the Nordic languges. PhD Thesis, Stockholm University. Ringgaard, Kristian. 1960. Vestjysk stød. Aarhus: Universitetsforlaget i Aarhus. Rischel, Jørgen. 1961. “Om retskrivningen og udtalen i moderne færøsk.” Preface to the 2nd ed. of Føroysk-donsk orðabók/Færøsk ordbog by M.A. Jacobsen & Chr. Matras. Tórshavn: Føroya Fróðskaparfélag. —. 1998. “Structural and functional aspects of tone split in Thai.” Acta Linguistica Hafniensia: International Journal of Linguistics 30: 7–37. Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur. 1980. “Lengd íslenskra samhljóða: Vitoð ér enn — eða hvat?” Íslenskt mál og almenn málfræði 2: 25–51. – 252 –
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Preaspiration in the Nordic Languag
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PhD dissertation November 2002 Depa
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........
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4.4.4 Preaspiration duration — SW
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the following pages. Thanks also to
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ported, but these should only be ta
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Finally, in Chapter 5, the patterns
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lock (ibid:267; boldface mine). Wea
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closure, decay time of the glottal
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2 DEFINITION AND TYPOLOGY 2.1 Defin
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and Finnish the word [lhti] ‘bay
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turn into ChV sequences in which V
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2.2 Linking preaspiration and sonor
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The similarity in gestural organisa
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The fact that both preaspiration an
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have normative preaspiration, other
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usually expressed as unaspirated an
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while clusters have developed into
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ted as voiceless unaspirated or pos
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y a middle-aged male speaker. In bo
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ut this is not true of the “stand
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2.6 Auditory constraints and the ra
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The second criticism of Bladon’s
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in discharge rates in the auditory
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number of languages that possess se
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and Lappic (Finno-Ugric). It has be
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For the sake of simplicity and luci
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‘apple,’ [vh] vatnið ‘the wa
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Table 3-1. Reflexes of Old Norse st
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In the Northern dialect, V is sligh
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Pind’s experiments as well as the
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In Area 2, where Tórshavn is situa
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in VC syllables in their speech, ju
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Table 3-4. Reflexes of ON stops in
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long vowel followed by a preaspirat
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grams), with the occasional aid of
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quantity system instead of the ON f
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ON flytja). There are no examples o
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Table 3-7. Reflexes of ON stops in
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whether she thinks that leaving out
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(Hede, Linsäll and Sveg) as well a
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(VC vs. VC). For two pairs (/tak/ v
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stop sequences that remain to be di
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do occur systematic linguistic diff
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Gräsö Forsmark Valö S W E D E N
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There are very few examples of clus
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Kökar, in the Åboland archipelago
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one hand, speakers have a tendency
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ecent studies that corroborate thes
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example, in a particular dialect, t
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does not give her segmentation crit
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Scotland and Ireland 1 [hphthk] 2 [
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approximately 140-150 ms in VC syll
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1. South Saami (Southern & Ume Saam
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1987a), Estonian (Engstrand & Krull
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Table 3-13. Reflexes of ON postvoca
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and Tórshavn Faroese data were eli
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ducing breathiness into the voice q
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Figure 4-3. An example of a sequenc
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4.2 Central Standard Swedish (CSw)
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very large, since postaspiration wa
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Several spectrographic examples of
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The data indicate that there is lit
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produced and in 9 cases there were
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To examine effects of syllable stru
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preaspiration for lexically stresse
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durations exceeding 120 ms, preaspi
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mately 70 ms. Just before the stop
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noise becomes audibly postalveolar
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As regards nasal + fortis stop sequ
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most of the remaining instances he
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(comparable to our taverna type) ha
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The CSw data have shown that word-i
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golf ‘golf,’ in which the utter
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o Figure 4-35. Subj. GT: […tv]
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word-initial lenis stop preceded by
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(i.e., short mVOffT and long mVOT).
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make it easier to refer to stops in
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[mh] ‘food’ is used, and for fu
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clear stop correlate, 26 (7%) had a
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All subjects considered, for lenis
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Figure 4-45(a) plots preaspiration
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cluster and 2 instances with a kt c
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4.3.2.5 Postaspiration duration Ins
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closure gesture. As the escape chan
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fricative constriction cannot be at
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is glottal during the first 50 ms.
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4.3.4 Summary and discussion As reg
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from the preaspiration noise itself
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Many instances of word-medial forti
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In the Gräsö dialect, the sonoran
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that the presence of a voiceless na
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of this type as well. Remarkably, t
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On the whole, the fortis vs. lenis
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120 100 80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60
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Icelandic listeners, even though th
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discussion of possible reasons for
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Table 4-16. The findings of Indrið
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these speakers will henceforth be r
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lenes are often produced with a voi
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Nasal + stop sequences in the Weste
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inte ‘not’ without the final vo
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ange for the remaining subjects is
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For word-medial contexts data are a
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Page 216 and 217: 4.6 Summary and conclusions The sur
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Page 230 and 231: Some Icelandic linguists seem to ha
Page 232 and 233: On a quite different note, Liberman
Page 234 and 235: dialect. With this in mind, Hansson
Page 236 and 237: (1997:114f), Iceland, the Faroes, J
Page 238 and 239: observed phonological distribution
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Page 242 and 243: higher degree of spectral tilt than
Page 244 and 245: a failure to apply a process of per
Page 246 and 247: similar to that in CSw today. Some
Page 248 and 249: from t1 through t8, the productions
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Page 252 and 253: parameter such as VOT or F0, may th
Page 254 and 255: identity and paralinguistic informa
Page 256 and 257: —. 1974. “On the influence of N
Page 258 and 259: Gillies, William. 1993. “Scottish
Page 260 and 261: Johanson, Lars. 1998. “The histor
Page 262 and 263: Lyttkens, Ivar Adolf & Fredrik Amad
Page 266 and 267: Stölten, Katrin. 2002. Dialektalit
Page 269: Department of Linguistics, Stockhol
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