Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ...
Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ... Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ...
identity and paralinguistic information seems to be just as central to speech production as maintaining phonological contrast. In other words, the phonetic manner in which a contrast is expressed may be just as tightly controlled as the contrast itself. In this sense, contrasts are embedded in speech norms. This is the essence of dialectal differences. In this view, then, contrasts are preserved not because speakers try to preserve them. Instead, speakers adapt to the exacting production norms of their own dialect. The fact that contrasts are preserved is a consequence of the transmission of pronunciation norms from generation to generation. Thus, we should attempt to specify the limits of phonetic variation as precisely as possible. The present study of stop production in the Nordic languages has attempted to provide one example of the structure of synchronic phonetic variation and its diachronic consequences. – 242 –
REFERENCES Alvarez, Albert & Kenneth Hale. 1970. “Toward a manual of Papago grammar: some phonological terms.” International Journal of American Linguistics 36(2): 83–97. Anderson, A.H., M. Bader, E.G. Bard, E. Boyle, G. Doherty, S. Garrod, S. Isard, J. Kowtko, J. McAllister, J. Miller, C. Sotillo, H. Thompson & R. Weinert. 1991. “The HCRH Map Task Corpus.” Language and Speech 34(4): 351–366. Árnason, Kristján. 1986. “The Segmental and Suprasegmental Status of Preaspiration in Modern Icelandic.” Nordic Journal of Linguistics 9: 1–23. Baczerowski, Jerzy. 1969. Konsonantenalternation im Ostlappischen unter dem Aspekt der Verstärkerung-Lenierung. Versuch einer strukturellphonetischen Analyse. Prace wydziau filologiczniego. Seria filologia ugrofiska nr. 1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Pozna. Bandle, Oskar (ed.) (In press). The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Bannert, Robert. 1979. “The effect of sentence accent on quantity.” In Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of the Phonetic Sciences, Copenhagen, pp. 253–259. —. 1990. På väg mot svenskt uttal. Lund: Studentlitteratur. Benediktsson, Hreinn (ed.) 1972. The First Grammatical Treatise. University of Iceland, Publications in Linguistics 1. Reykjavík: Institute of Nordic Linguistics. Bladon, Anthony. 1986. “Phonetics for hearers.” In G. McGregor (ed.) Language for hearers, pp. 1–24. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Bloch, Bernard & George Leonard Trager. 1942. Outline of Linguistic Analysis. Baltimore: LSA, Waverly Press. Bloomfield, Leonard. 1935. Language. London: Allen & Unwin. —. [1956]. Eastern Ojibwa. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Böðvarsson, Árni. 1951. “Uppruni óraddaðs framburðar á undan p, t, k.” Á góðu dægri. Afmæliskveðja til Sigurðar Nordal, pp. 102–107. Reykjavík: Helgafell. Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. 1940. The dialects of the Outer Hebrides. Oslo: Norwegian Universities Press. – 243 –
- Page 204 and 205: lenes are often produced with a voi
- Page 206 and 207: Nasal + stop sequences in the Weste
- Page 208 and 209: inte ‘not’ without the final vo
- Page 210 and 211: ange for the remaining subjects is
- Page 212 and 213: For word-medial contexts data are a
- Page 214 and 215: instances may have preaspiration on
- Page 216 and 217: 4.6 Summary and conclusions The sur
- Page 218 and 219: that the ON word-initial lenes have
- Page 220 and 221: dialect in the Åland archipelago.
- Page 222 and 223: clear that ON m, n + p, t, k sequen
- Page 224 and 225: gradual process rather than a leap
- Page 226 and 227: stops that we find in, for example,
- Page 228 and 229: oth found in V()C syllables, but ar
- Page 230 and 231: Some Icelandic linguists seem to ha
- Page 232 and 233: On a quite different note, Liberman
- Page 234 and 235: dialect. With this in mind, Hansson
- Page 236 and 237: (1997:114f), Iceland, the Faroes, J
- Page 238 and 239: observed phonological distribution
- Page 240 and 241: sense, preaspiration is linked more
- Page 242 and 243: higher degree of spectral tilt than
- Page 244 and 245: a failure to apply a process of per
- Page 246 and 247: similar to that in CSw today. Some
- Page 248 and 249: from t1 through t8, the productions
- Page 250 and 251: ation, voiceless nasality before fo
- Page 252 and 253: parameter such as VOT or F0, may th
- Page 256 and 257: —. 1974. “On the influence of N
- Page 258 and 259: Gillies, William. 1993. “Scottish
- Page 260 and 261: Johanson, Lars. 1998. “The histor
- Page 262 and 263: Lyttkens, Ivar Adolf & Fredrik Amad
- Page 264 and 265: —. 1995b. “Speaking rate, VOT a
- Page 266 and 267: Stölten, Katrin. 2002. Dialektalit
- Page 269: Department of Linguistics, Stockhol
REFERENCES<br />
Alvarez, Albert & Kenneth Hale. 1970. “Toward a manual of Papago grammar:<br />
some phonological terms.” International Journal of American L<strong>in</strong>guistics<br />
36(2): 83–97.<br />
Anderson, A.H., M. Bader, E.G. Bard, E. Boyle, G. Doherty, S. Garrod, S.<br />
Isard, J. Kowtko, J. McAllister, J. Miller, C. Sotillo, H. Thompson & R.<br />
We<strong>in</strong>ert. 1991. “The HCRH Map Task Corpus.” Language <strong>and</strong> Speech<br />
34(4): 351–366.<br />
Árnason, Kristján. 1986. “The Segmental <strong>and</strong> Suprasegmental Status of <strong>Preaspiration</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> Modern Icel<strong>and</strong>ic.” <strong>Nordic</strong> Journal of L<strong>in</strong>guistics 9: 1–23.<br />
Baczerowski, Jerzy. 1969. Konsonantenalternation im Ostlappischen unter<br />
dem Aspekt der Verstärkerung-Lenierung. Versuch e<strong>in</strong>er strukturellphonetischen<br />
Analyse. Prace wydziau filologiczniego. Seria filologia<br />
ugrofiska nr. 1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu.<br />
Pozna.<br />
B<strong>and</strong>le, Oskar (ed.) (In press). The <strong>Nordic</strong> <strong>Languages</strong>: An International<br />
H<strong>and</strong>book of <strong>the</strong> History of <strong>the</strong> North Germanic <strong>Languages</strong>. H<strong>and</strong>bücher<br />
zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft. Berl<strong>in</strong>: Mouton de<br />
Gruyter.<br />
Bannert, Robert. 1979. “The effect of sentence accent on quantity.” In<br />
Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of <strong>the</strong> 9th International Congress of <strong>the</strong> Phonetic Sciences,<br />
Copenhagen, pp. 253–259.<br />
—. 1990. På väg mot svenskt uttal. Lund: Studentlitteratur.<br />
Benediktsson, Hre<strong>in</strong>n (ed.) 1972. The First Grammatical Treatise. University<br />
of Icel<strong>and</strong>, Publications <strong>in</strong> L<strong>in</strong>guistics 1. Reykjavík: Institute of <strong>Nordic</strong><br />
L<strong>in</strong>guistics.<br />
Bladon, Anthony. 1986. “Phonetics for hearers.” In G. McGregor (ed.)<br />
Language for hearers, pp. 1–24. Oxford: Pergamon Press.<br />
Bloch, Bernard & George Leonard Trager. 1942. Outl<strong>in</strong>e of L<strong>in</strong>guistic<br />
Analysis. Baltimore: LSA, Waverly Press.<br />
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1935. Language. London: Allen & Unw<strong>in</strong>.<br />
—. [1956]. Eastern Ojibwa. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.<br />
Böðvarsson, Árni. 1951. “Uppruni óraddaðs framburðar á undan p, t, k.” Á<br />
góðu dægri. Afmæliskveðja til Sigurðar Nordal, pp. 102–107. Reykjavík:<br />
Helgafell.<br />
Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. 1940. The dialects of <strong>the</strong> Outer Hebrides. Oslo:<br />
Norwegian Universities Press.<br />
– 243 –
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