Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ...
Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ... Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ...
o Figure 4–35. Subj. GT: […tv]å dungar [med…] ‘…two groves…’ 4.2.7 Word-medial lenis stops – 142 – b Figure 4–36. Subj. FS: […vi s]e då bör[jar] ‘…us see, so we begin.’ Like word-initial lenis stops, the word-medial lenis stops in the CSw data are predominantly voiced in voiced contexts, both in VC and in VC syllables. Figures 4–37 through 4–40 are examples of lenis stops in intervocalic position. In Figures 4–37 and 4–38, MP produces two instances of the word söder ‘south (of).’ The first of these contains a fairly typical short voiced lenis stop. In the second example the stop is lenited, and produced as an approximant. Such lenitions are frequent (cf. Engstrand & Lacerda 1996) and occur in the speech of all four subjects, especially in VC syllables. In VC syllables, the production of a stop usually involves a fully voiced stop closure. However, as in some of the cases involving wordinitial lenis stops discussed in the preceding section, there is a tendency for voicing to die out due to decreased transglottal air flow. Understandably, this tendency increases with increased stop duration. This is exemplified by FS’s production of two VC syllables, one in the word krabbor ‘crabs’ (Figure 4–39) and one in the word nuddar ‘(you) touch’ (Figure 4–40). In the first example, the lenis stop is fully voiced, but one can still detect a slight decrease in the strength of voicing while the stop closure is being maintained. In the second example, the stop closure is longer, and approximately 110 ms into the stop closure voicing is no longer maintained, and a voiceless interval of approximately 40 ms
follows. Possibly, place of articulation may also play a role in the difference observed between these two examples. The former stop is bilabial and thus has greater potential for active cavity expansion than the former, dental stop (Ohala 1983). s ø ˜ Figure 4–37. Subj. MP: [går ] söder o[m…] ‘Go south of…’ k b Figure 4–39. Subj. FS: […jag] krabbor u[te…] ‘…I crabs in…’ – 143 – s ø ð ˜ m Figure 4–38. Subj. MP: […] söder o[m…] ‘…south of…’ Figure 4–40. Subj. FS: […vi ] nuddar [precis…] ‘…we just touch…’ In a sequence of a nasal and a lenis stop, the velic closure is typically made shortly before the stop is released, and in many cases one cannot see that a complete velic closure is made at all. In Figure 4–41, GT produces a word-medial sequence of a nasal and a lenis stop, as well as a
- Page 104 and 105: example, in a particular dialect, t
- Page 106 and 107: does not give her segmentation crit
- Page 108 and 109: Scotland and Ireland 1 [hphthk] 2 [
- Page 110 and 111: approximately 140-150 ms in VC syll
- Page 112 and 113: 1. South Saami (Southern & Ume Saam
- Page 114 and 115: 1987a), Estonian (Engstrand & Krull
- Page 116 and 117: Table 3-13. Reflexes of ON postvoca
- Page 118 and 119: and Tórshavn Faroese data were eli
- Page 120 and 121: ducing breathiness into the voice q
- Page 122 and 123: Figure 4-3. An example of a sequenc
- Page 124 and 125: 4.2 Central Standard Swedish (CSw)
- Page 126 and 127: very large, since postaspiration wa
- Page 128 and 129: Several spectrographic examples of
- Page 130 and 131: The data indicate that there is lit
- Page 132 and 133: produced and in 9 cases there were
- Page 134 and 135: To examine effects of syllable stru
- Page 136 and 137: preaspiration for lexically stresse
- Page 138 and 139: durations exceeding 120 ms, preaspi
- Page 140 and 141: mately 70 ms. Just before the stop
- Page 142 and 143: noise becomes audibly postalveolar
- Page 144 and 145: As regards nasal + fortis stop sequ
- Page 146 and 147: most of the remaining instances he
- Page 148 and 149: (comparable to our taverna type) ha
- Page 150 and 151: The CSw data have shown that word-i
- Page 152 and 153: golf ‘golf,’ in which the utter
- Page 156 and 157: word-initial lenis stop preceded by
- Page 158 and 159: (i.e., short mVOffT and long mVOT).
- Page 160 and 161: make it easier to refer to stops in
- Page 162 and 163: [mh] ‘food’ is used, and for fu
- Page 164 and 165: clear stop correlate, 26 (7%) had a
- Page 166 and 167: All subjects considered, for lenis
- Page 168 and 169: Figure 4-45(a) plots preaspiration
- Page 170 and 171: cluster and 2 instances with a kt c
- Page 172 and 173: 4.3.2.5 Postaspiration duration Ins
- Page 174 and 175: closure gesture. As the escape chan
- Page 176 and 177: fricative constriction cannot be at
- Page 178 and 179: is glottal during the first 50 ms.
- Page 180 and 181: 4.3.4 Summary and discussion As reg
- Page 182 and 183: from the preaspiration noise itself
- Page 184 and 185: Many instances of word-medial forti
- Page 186 and 187: In the Gräsö dialect, the sonoran
- Page 188 and 189: that the presence of a voiceless na
- Page 190 and 191: of this type as well. Remarkably, t
- Page 192 and 193: On the whole, the fortis vs. lenis
- Page 194 and 195: 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60
- Page 196 and 197: Icelandic listeners, even though th
- Page 198 and 199: discussion of possible reasons for
- Page 200 and 201: Table 4-16. The findings of Indrið
- Page 202 and 203: these speakers will henceforth be r
follows. Possibly, place of articulation may also play a role <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> difference<br />
observed between <strong>the</strong>se two examples. The former stop is bilabial<br />
<strong>and</strong> thus has greater potential for active cavity expansion than <strong>the</strong> former,<br />
dental stop (Ohala 1983).<br />
s ø ˜<br />
Figure 4–37. Subj. MP: [går ] söder<br />
o[m…] ‘Go south of…’<br />
k b <br />
Figure 4–39. Subj. FS: […jag]<br />
krabbor u[te…] ‘…I crabs <strong>in</strong>…’<br />
– 143 –<br />
s ø ð ˜ m<br />
Figure 4–38. Subj. MP: […] söder<br />
o[m…] ‘…south of…’<br />
<br />
Figure 4–40. Subj. FS: […vi ] nuddar<br />
[precis…] ‘…we just touch…’<br />
In a sequence of a nasal <strong>and</strong> a lenis stop, <strong>the</strong> velic closure is typically<br />
made shortly before <strong>the</strong> stop is released, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> many cases one cannot<br />
see that a complete velic closure is made at all. In Figure 4–41, GT produces<br />
a word-medial sequence of a nasal <strong>and</strong> a lenis stop, as well as a
Change language