Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ...

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produced and in 9 cases there were no identifiable correlates for the vowel preceding the stop. Lastly, 5 cases were discarded for reasons such as laughter, hesitation or external noise. Table 4–4. Overview of the word-medial and word-final stop data analysed for the four CSw subjects. GT CK MP FS Total Stop closure 107 237 357 259 960 Fricative 1 10 19 18 48 Incomplete stop 4 5 6 14 29 Incomplete vowel 0 1 6 2 9 Laughter etc. 1 1 1 2 5 Total 372 330 266 388 1051 There are no major differences between the subjects in their tendency for producing fricatives, or for producing vowels or stops in such a way that it becomes impossible to measure preaspiration duration. Incidentally, it seems that these CSw speakers have much less of a tendency to produce variants associated with hypo-speech (such as stops without stop closures or vowels without oral aperture) than do speakers of Faroese and Icelandic. The same tendency was also noted for the data on CSw word-initial stops (see section 4.2.2.1 above). 4.2.3.2 Preaspiration duration Table 4–5 gives the mean durations of vowel (V), preaspiration (Pr; measured as mVOffT, cf. section 4.1.2), occlusion (O) and the combined duration of the three (VPrO). In the last column, the number of instances that had 5 ms or more of preaspiration (np) and the total number of instances measured (n) are indicated. These measures are given for the word types båten, vatten, att and norrut. Measures for the word type mot are not included, since these occurred infrequently and do not yield meaningful statistics in most cases. In terms of mean durations, the male subject, MP, generally has shorter durations than do the three female subjects. For example, considering VPrO durations for vatten type words, MP’s mean duration is 152 ms, while it ranges from 220 to 230 ms for the remaining subjects. For – 120 –
åten type words, MP’s mean VPrO duration is 156 ms, CK and FS have a mean duration of 209 ms and 217 ms respectively, and GT has an intermediate value of 175 ms. The shorter overall durations of MP are also reflected in the duration of the individual elements (V, Pr and O). Probably, MP’s shorter durations reflect that his speech rate is faster than for the three female subjects (cf. section 4.2.1). Table 4–5. Mean durations (in ms) of V(owel), Pr(easpiration) and O(cclusion) for four word types with word-medial and word-final stops and for all four subjects. In the last column, np indicates the number of occurrences in which preaspiration was at least 5 ms long, and n indicates the total number of occurrences. Standard deviations are given within parentheses. GT CK MP FS V Pr O VprO np/n båten 96 (28) 8 (12) 72 (31) 175 (49) 16/39 vatten 97 (25) 20 (20) 104 (97) 220 (113) 25/39 att 65 (23) 1 (2) 48 (16) 114 (25) 1/10 norrut 75 (16) 2 (4) 79 (29) 156 (37) 4/17 båten 115 (51) 19 (21) 75 (56) 209 (109) 42/73 vatten 105 (30) 38 (23) 90 (60) 233 (94) 77/84 att 53 (24) 5 (12) 57 (23) 115 (44) 5/28 norrut 125 (58) 28 (24) 83 (34) 236 (102) 32/43 båten 95 (29) 6 (11) 55 (25) 156 (53) 50/144 vatten 72 (17) 10 (14) 70 (40) 152 (55) 38/95 att 55 (19) 1 (2) 52 (32) 108 (41) 4/43 norrut 71 (22) 3 (6) 56 (31) 130 (46) 16/69 båten 120 (43) 30 (23) 67 (26) 217 (75) 92/108 vatten 95 (27) 45 (26) 90 (49) 230 (79) 85/90 att 66 (11) 14 (15) 39 (14) 118 (21) 6/12 norrut 101 (42) 27 (19) 71 (31) 199 (79) 37/45 As for preaspiration duration (Pr), the subjects CK and FS have far longer means than GT and, especially, MP. MP’s mean preaspiration durations range from 1 to 10 ms for the different word types, and GT’s durations from 1 to 20 ms. CK’s mean preaspiration durations range between 5–38 ms, and FS’s means, which are by far the longest, range from 14 to 45 ms. – 121 –
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Preaspiration in the Nordic Languag
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PhD dissertation November 2002 Depa
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........
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4.4.4 Preaspiration duration — SW
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the following pages. Thanks also to
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ported, but these should only be ta
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Finally, in Chapter 5, the patterns
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lock (ibid:267; boldface mine). Wea
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closure, decay time of the glottal
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2 DEFINITION AND TYPOLOGY 2.1 Defin
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and Finnish the word [lhti] ‘bay
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turn into ChV sequences in which V
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2.2 Linking preaspiration and sonor
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The similarity in gestural organisa
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The fact that both preaspiration an
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have normative preaspiration, other
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usually expressed as unaspirated an
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while clusters have developed into
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ted as voiceless unaspirated or pos
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y a middle-aged male speaker. In bo
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ut this is not true of the “stand
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2.6 Auditory constraints and the ra
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The second criticism of Bladon’s
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in discharge rates in the auditory
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number of languages that possess se
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and Lappic (Finno-Ugric). It has be
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For the sake of simplicity and luci
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‘apple,’ [vh] vatnið ‘the wa
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Table 3-1. Reflexes of Old Norse st
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In the Northern dialect, V is sligh
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Pind’s experiments as well as the
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In Area 2, where Tórshavn is situa
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in VC syllables in their speech, ju
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Table 3-4. Reflexes of ON stops in
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long vowel followed by a preaspirat
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grams), with the occasional aid of
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quantity system instead of the ON f
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ON flytja). There are no examples o
Page 82 and 83: Table 3-7. Reflexes of ON stops in
Page 84 and 85: whether she thinks that leaving out
Page 86 and 87: (Hede, Linsäll and Sveg) as well a
Page 88 and 89: (VC vs. VC). For two pairs (/tak/ v
Page 90 and 91: stop sequences that remain to be di
Page 92 and 93: do occur systematic linguistic diff
Page 94 and 95: Gräsö Forsmark Valö S W E D E N
Page 96 and 97: There are very few examples of clus
Page 98 and 99: Kökar, in the Åboland archipelago
Page 100 and 101: one hand, speakers have a tendency
Page 102 and 103: ecent studies that corroborate thes
Page 104 and 105: example, in a particular dialect, t
Page 106 and 107: does not give her segmentation crit
Page 108 and 109: Scotland and Ireland 1 [hphthk] 2 [
Page 110 and 111: approximately 140-150 ms in VC syll
Page 112 and 113: 1. South Saami (Southern & Ume Saam
Page 114 and 115: 1987a), Estonian (Engstrand & Krull
Page 116 and 117: Table 3-13. Reflexes of ON postvoca
Page 118 and 119: and Tórshavn Faroese data were eli
Page 120 and 121: ducing breathiness into the voice q
Page 122 and 123: Figure 4-3. An example of a sequenc
Page 124 and 125: 4.2 Central Standard Swedish (CSw)
Page 126 and 127: very large, since postaspiration wa
Page 128 and 129: Several spectrographic examples of
Page 130 and 131: The data indicate that there is lit
Page 134 and 135: To examine effects of syllable stru
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Page 144 and 145: As regards nasal + fortis stop sequ
Page 146 and 147: most of the remaining instances he
Page 148 and 149: (comparable to our taverna type) ha
Page 150 and 151: The CSw data have shown that word-i
Page 152 and 153: golf ‘golf,’ in which the utter
Page 154 and 155: o Figure 4-35. Subj. GT: […tv]
Page 156 and 157: word-initial lenis stop preceded by
Page 158 and 159: (i.e., short mVOffT and long mVOT).
Page 160 and 161: make it easier to refer to stops in
Page 162 and 163: [mh] ‘food’ is used, and for fu
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Page 166 and 167: All subjects considered, for lenis
Page 168 and 169: Figure 4-45(a) plots preaspiration
Page 170 and 171: cluster and 2 instances with a kt c
Page 172 and 173: 4.3.2.5 Postaspiration duration Ins
Page 174 and 175: closure gesture. As the escape chan
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Page 178 and 179: is glottal during the first 50 ms.
Page 180 and 181: 4.3.4 Summary and discussion As reg
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from the preaspiration noise itself
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Many instances of word-medial forti
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In the Gräsö dialect, the sonoran
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that the presence of a voiceless na
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of this type as well. Remarkably, t
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On the whole, the fortis vs. lenis
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120 100 80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60
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Icelandic listeners, even though th
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discussion of possible reasons for
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Table 4-16. The findings of Indrið
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these speakers will henceforth be r
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lenes are often produced with a voi
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Nasal + stop sequences in the Weste
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inte ‘not’ without the final vo
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ange for the remaining subjects is
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For word-medial contexts data are a
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instances may have preaspiration on
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4.6 Summary and conclusions The sur
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that the ON word-initial lenes have
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dialect in the Åland archipelago.
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clear that ON m, n + p, t, k sequen
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gradual process rather than a leap
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stops that we find in, for example,
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oth found in V()C syllables, but ar
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Some Icelandic linguists seem to ha
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On a quite different note, Liberman
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dialect. With this in mind, Hansson
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(1997:114f), Iceland, the Faroes, J
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observed phonological distribution
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sense, preaspiration is linked more
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higher degree of spectral tilt than
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a failure to apply a process of per
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similar to that in CSw today. Some
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from t1 through t8, the productions
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ation, voiceless nasality before fo
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parameter such as VOT or F0, may th
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identity and paralinguistic informa
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—. 1974. “On the influence of N
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Gillies, William. 1993. “Scottish
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Johanson, Lars. 1998. “The histor
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Lyttkens, Ivar Adolf & Fredrik Amad
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—. 1995b. “Speaking rate, VOT a
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Stölten, Katrin. 2002. Dialektalit
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Department of Linguistics, Stockhol
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