Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ...

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Several spectrographic examples of postaspirated stops are given in the following section on preaspiration and sonorant devoicing in wordinitial fortis stops. 4.2.2.3 Preaspiration duration and sonorant voicelessness The data on preaspiration before word-initial fortis stops in Central Standard Swedish (CSw) are a subset of the data on word-initial fortis stops analysed in the preceding section. In all, 147 occurrences of postvocalic, word-initial fortis stops were analysed (these are found in sequences such as bara tittar, jag kommer, med palmer) 1 . Of these, 38 were from subject CK, 18 from GT, 45 from MP and 46 from FS. The data indicate that for three of the four speakers, CK, GT and MP, there was almost no tendency for preaspiration before word-initial fortis stops. FS had a slight preaspiration before such stops in 21 of the 46 occurrences, usually consisting of a breathy voice offset ranging between approximately 10–35 ms. Thus, although a slight tendency to preaspirate such stops was observed, it was not the dominant pattern, and was hardly noticeable in auditory analysis when it did occur. v h h Figure 4–5. Subj. FS: […] vi till täl[tet…] ‘…we (come) to the tent…’ 1 In some function words, word-final consonants are almost never realised in spontaneous speech. For example, the first person pronoun jag is typically pronounced as [j] or [j] and the preposition med ‘with’ is pronounced as [m] or [m], even when the following word begins with a vowel. Therefore, these are treated as not having a final consonant in this analysis. – 116 – h Figure 4–6. Subj. FS: […] här tenn[is] ‘…here tennis’
Figure 4–5 shows two examples of a word-initial fortis stop in FS’s speech, the first of which has a mVOffT of 35 ms. Complete voice offset does not occur until after the stop closure is made, so the preaspiration is comprised only of breathiness in the vowel. This is one of the longest preaspirations found before a word-initial stop in the CSw material. By comparison, FS’s word-medial preaspirations are much longer, up to 120 ms (see section 4.2.3.2). Figures 4–6 and 4–7 contain examples of the more usual, nonpreaspirated word-initial fortis stops found in FS’s speech (as well as in that of the other three subjects). As before, voice offset does not occur until after the stop closure. Modal voice is maintained until the stop closure is made. r p h h p Figure 4–7. Subj. GT: […spo]rre på en tupp un[gefär.] ‘…hind-claw of a rooster approximately.’ Note the voiceless friction noise on the juncture of [] and []. The data on postsonorant, word-initial fortis stops are also a subset of the data on word-initial fortis stops analysed in the preceding section. In all, 111 occurrences were analysed (these are found in sequences such as väl tänka, vatten på etc.) 1 Of these, 17 are from subject CK, 11 from GT, 43 from MP and 40 from FS. In approximately 75% of these cases, the preceding sonorant is /n/. In the remaining cases it is /m/ or /l/. 1 Since /r/ very often has no clear phonetic correlates when produced in such contexts, it is not included among the sonorants. The sonorant category therefore comprises /m/, /n/ and /l/, while /r/ is discussed separately. – 117 –
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Preaspiration in the Nordic Languag
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PhD dissertation November 2002 Depa
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CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........
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4.4.4 Preaspiration duration — SW
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the following pages. Thanks also to
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ported, but these should only be ta
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Finally, in Chapter 5, the patterns
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lock (ibid:267; boldface mine). Wea
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closure, decay time of the glottal
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2 DEFINITION AND TYPOLOGY 2.1 Defin
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and Finnish the word [lhti] ‘bay
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turn into ChV sequences in which V
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2.2 Linking preaspiration and sonor
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The similarity in gestural organisa
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The fact that both preaspiration an
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have normative preaspiration, other
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usually expressed as unaspirated an
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while clusters have developed into
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ted as voiceless unaspirated or pos
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y a middle-aged male speaker. In bo
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ut this is not true of the “stand
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2.6 Auditory constraints and the ra
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The second criticism of Bladon’s
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in discharge rates in the auditory
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number of languages that possess se
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and Lappic (Finno-Ugric). It has be
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For the sake of simplicity and luci
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‘apple,’ [vh] vatnið ‘the wa
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Table 3-1. Reflexes of Old Norse st
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In the Northern dialect, V is sligh
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Pind’s experiments as well as the
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In Area 2, where Tórshavn is situa
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in VC syllables in their speech, ju
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Table 3-4. Reflexes of ON stops in
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long vowel followed by a preaspirat
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grams), with the occasional aid of
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Page 80 and 81: ON flytja). There are no examples o
Page 82 and 83: Table 3-7. Reflexes of ON stops in
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Page 86 and 87: (Hede, Linsäll and Sveg) as well a
Page 88 and 89: (VC vs. VC). For two pairs (/tak/ v
Page 90 and 91: stop sequences that remain to be di
Page 92 and 93: do occur systematic linguistic diff
Page 94 and 95: Gräsö Forsmark Valö S W E D E N
Page 96 and 97: There are very few examples of clus
Page 98 and 99: Kökar, in the Åboland archipelago
Page 100 and 101: one hand, speakers have a tendency
Page 102 and 103: ecent studies that corroborate thes
Page 104 and 105: example, in a particular dialect, t
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Page 108 and 109: Scotland and Ireland 1 [hphthk] 2 [
Page 110 and 111: approximately 140-150 ms in VC syll
Page 112 and 113: 1. South Saami (Southern & Ume Saam
Page 114 and 115: 1987a), Estonian (Engstrand & Krull
Page 116 and 117: Table 3-13. Reflexes of ON postvoca
Page 118 and 119: and Tórshavn Faroese data were eli
Page 120 and 121: ducing breathiness into the voice q
Page 122 and 123: Figure 4-3. An example of a sequenc
Page 124 and 125: 4.2 Central Standard Swedish (CSw)
Page 126 and 127: very large, since postaspiration wa
Page 130 and 131: The data indicate that there is lit
Page 132 and 133: produced and in 9 cases there were
Page 134 and 135: To examine effects of syllable stru
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Page 144 and 145: As regards nasal + fortis stop sequ
Page 146 and 147: most of the remaining instances he
Page 148 and 149: (comparable to our taverna type) ha
Page 150 and 151: The CSw data have shown that word-i
Page 152 and 153: golf ‘golf,’ in which the utter
Page 154 and 155: o Figure 4-35. Subj. GT: […tv]
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Page 158 and 159: (i.e., short mVOffT and long mVOT).
Page 160 and 161: make it easier to refer to stops in
Page 162 and 163: [mh] ‘food’ is used, and for fu
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Page 166 and 167: All subjects considered, for lenis
Page 168 and 169: Figure 4-45(a) plots preaspiration
Page 170 and 171: cluster and 2 instances with a kt c
Page 172 and 173: 4.3.2.5 Postaspiration duration Ins
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is glottal during the first 50 ms.
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4.3.4 Summary and discussion As reg
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from the preaspiration noise itself
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Many instances of word-medial forti
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In the Gräsö dialect, the sonoran
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that the presence of a voiceless na
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of this type as well. Remarkably, t
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On the whole, the fortis vs. lenis
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120 100 80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60
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Icelandic listeners, even though th
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discussion of possible reasons for
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Table 4-16. The findings of Indrið
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these speakers will henceforth be r
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lenes are often produced with a voi
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Nasal + stop sequences in the Weste
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inte ‘not’ without the final vo
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ange for the remaining subjects is
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For word-medial contexts data are a
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instances may have preaspiration on
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4.6 Summary and conclusions The sur
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that the ON word-initial lenes have
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dialect in the Åland archipelago.
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clear that ON m, n + p, t, k sequen
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gradual process rather than a leap
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stops that we find in, for example,
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oth found in V()C syllables, but ar
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Some Icelandic linguists seem to ha
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On a quite different note, Liberman
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dialect. With this in mind, Hansson
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(1997:114f), Iceland, the Faroes, J
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observed phonological distribution
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sense, preaspiration is linked more
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higher degree of spectral tilt than
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a failure to apply a process of per
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similar to that in CSw today. Some
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from t1 through t8, the productions
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ation, voiceless nasality before fo
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parameter such as VOT or F0, may th
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identity and paralinguistic informa
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—. 1974. “On the influence of N
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Gillies, William. 1993. “Scottish
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Johanson, Lars. 1998. “The histor
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Lyttkens, Ivar Adolf & Fredrik Amad
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—. 1995b. “Speaking rate, VOT a
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Stölten, Katrin. 2002. Dialektalit
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Department of Linguistics, Stockhol
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Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic ...

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