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antithymocyte globulin (ATG) 70 AP-1
anti-τ antibody may be used in combination with mouse
monoclonal anti-β-amyloid and rabbit anti-ubiquitin.
Neurofibrillary tangles are labeled by anti-τ, whereas the
senile plaques are labeled by the β amyloid and ubiquitin
antibodies.
antithymocyte globulin (ATG)
The globulin fraction of serum containing antibodies generated
through immunization of animals such as rabbits or
horses with human thymocytes. The fraction has been used
clinically to treat rejection episodes in organ transplant
recipients.
antithymocyte serum (ATS)
Antibody raised by immunizing one species such as a rabbit
or horse with thymocytes derived from another such as a
human. The resulting antiserum has been used to induce
immunosuppression in organ transplant recipients. It acts by
combining with the surface antigens of T lymphocytes and
suppressing their action.
anti-topoisomerase I (Scl 70)
Anti-Scl 70 antibodies are associated with diffuse cutaneous
systemic sclerosis and are specific to this disease. This
renders Scl 70 as an important marker for systemic sclerosis.
antitoxin
Antibody specific for exotoxins produced by certain
microorganisms such as the causative agents of diphtheria
and tetanus. Prior to the antibiotic era, antitoxins were the
treatments of choice for diseases produced by the soluble
toxic products of microorganisms, such as those from
Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Clostridium tetani.
antitoxin assay (historical)
Antitoxins are assayed biologically by their capacity to neutralize
homologous toxins as demonstrated by the lack of
toxic manifestations following inoculations of the mixture
into experimental animals (e.g., guinea pigs). They may be
tested serologically by their ability to flocculate (precipitate)
toxin in vitro.
antitoxin unit
A unit is the amount of antitoxin present in 1/6000 g of a
certain dried unconcentrated horse serum antitoxin that has
been maintained since 1905 at the National Institutes of
Health in Bethesda, Maryland. The standard antitoxin unit
contained sufficient antitoxin to neutralize 100 MLD of the
special toxin prepared and used by Ehrlich in the titration
of a standard antitoxin. The American and international
units of antitoxin are the same.
anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody
An antibody that reacts with an epitope of Toxoplasma
gondii that is resistant to formalin fixation and paraffin
embedding. When tested by indirect immunofluorescence
on infected glioma cells, anti-T. gondii stains the outer surfaces
of tachyzoites of two different strains of T. gondii (RH
and T626). Using an immunoperoxidase technique, both
tachyzoites and encysted bradyzoites have been labeled in
infected lung.
anti-U1-RNP autoantibodies
Antibodies to ribonucleoprotein (U1-RNP) have been
used to partially define mixed connective tissue disease
(MCTD). High titer anti-RNP occurs also in inflammatory
muscle disease. Autoantibodies against nuclear ribonucleoprotein
(U1-RNP) in Caucasians with or without MCTD
are associated with DR4 anti-U1Sn-RNP. Autoantibodies in
the Japanese demonstrate an increased frequency of DQ3,
with only a few subjects having MCTD. Further studies
demonstrated an association of DRB1*0401, DRB4*0101,
DQA1*03, DQB1*0301, and MCTD.
antivenin (Crotalidae) polyvalent (equine origin) injection
An antivenin raised in horses for the treatment of envenomation
of crotalids (pit vipers) found in North, South,
and Central America, including rattlesnakes (Crotalus,
Sistrurus); copperhead and cotton mouth (Agkistrodon)
snakes including A. halys of Korea and Japan; the fer-delance
and other species of Bothrops; the tropical rattler (C.
durissus and similar species); the cantil (A. bilineatus); and
bushmaster (Lachesis mutus) of South and Central America.
The antivenin consists of concentrated serum globulins
from horses immunized with the venoms of C. adamanteus
(Eastern diamond rattlesnake), C. atrox (Western diamond
rattlesnake), C. durissus terrificus (tropical rattlesnake,
Cascabel), and Bothrops atrox (fer-de-lance).
antivenin, black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans) (equine
origin) injection
An antivenin raised in horses for passive transient protection
against the toxic effects of black widow (Latrodectus
mactans) bites and those of related spiders. The antivenin
is most effective when administered within 4 hours after
envenomation. It is moderately effective in the relief of pain
and can be life-saving. Symptoms begin to ameliorate 1 to 3
hours after injection.
antivenin, North American coral snake (Micrurus fulvius)
(equine origin)
An antivenin raised in horses for passive transient protection
from the toxic effects of venoms of Micrurus fulvius
fulvius (Eastern coral snake). It is also effective in neuetralizing
venom of M. fulvius tenere (Texas coral snake). It is
most effective when administered within 4 hours following
envenomation. It is a refined, concentrated, lyophilized
preparation of serum globulins derived from sera of horses
immunized against Eastern coral snake venom.
antivenom
Antitoxin prepared specifically for the treatment of bite or
sting victims of poisonous snakes or arthropods. Antibodies
in this immune serum preparation neutralize the snake or
arthropod venom. Also called antivenin or antivenene.
antivimentin antibody
A mouse monoclonal antibody raised against purified
bovine eye. It reacts with the 57-kDa intermediate vimentin
filament protein and may be used to aid in the identification
of cells of mesenchymal origin. The antibody is intended
for qualitative staining in sections of formalin-fixed,
paraffin-embedded tissue. It binds specifically to antigens
located in the cytoplasm of mesenchymal cells. The clinical
interpretation of any staining or its absence must be
complemented by morphological studies and evaluation of
proper controls.
antiviral state
A metabolic condition in which a cell becomes resistant to
virus by exposure to type I IFN derived from nearby virusinfected
cells. Relies on viral RNA degradation by IFN and
blocking of viral transcription and translation.
antrypol
Alternative name for suramin.
AP-1
A transcription factor that binds the IL-2 promoter, thereby
regulating induction of the IL-2 gene. Some transcription