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anti-Sm autoantibodies 69 anti-τ antibodies
anti-Sm autoantibodies
Autoantibodies found in the sera of patients with systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE). The antibodies are usually
accompanied by antinuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP) antibodies.
The U1RNP particle has both Sm and RNP binding
specificities. The difference is that the RNP particles bound
by U2, U4/6, and U5 are bound by anti-Sm autoantibodies
but not by anti-nRNP autoantibodies. Sm antigen is a
nonhistone nucleoprotein composed of several polypeptides
of differing molecular weights. Autoantibodies against Sm
antigen precipitate the U1, U2, U4/6, and U5 small nuclear
RNAs. The Sm antigen is involved in normal post-transcriptional,
pre-messenger RNA processing to excise introns.
Autoantibodies to Sm antigen have been observed in 15 to
30% of SLE sera as diagnostic markers. It is believed that
IgG anti-Sm correlates with lupus disease activity and is a
useful variable in predicting exacerbation and prognosis of
SLE. IgG anti-Sm is specifically detected in patients with
SLE. ELISA methodology is used to quantitate this antibody.
IgG Antibody
(1) (2)
Tail-to-tail
agglutination
Antisperm antibody.
Head-to-head
agglutination
Spermatozoa
anti-snRNP (Sm, U1-RNP, U2-RNP)
Sm antibodies are specific for the D proteins and the BB′
doublets of Usn-RNPs. Sm-specific antibodies precipitate
U1-, U2-, U4-, U5-, and U6-smRNPs. Anti-Sm autoantibodies
are found exclusively in systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE) patients and are considered disease-specific.
Antibodies to U1-RNP are markers for mixed connective
tissue disease (MCTD).
antisomatostatin antibody
A rabbit antibody that can be used for the immunohistochemical
staining of somatostatin in tumors and hyperplasias
of pancreatic islets.
antisperm antibody
An antibody specific for any one of several sperm constituents.
Antisperm agglutinating antibodies are detected in
blood serum by the Kibrick sperm agglutination test that
uses donor sperm. Sperm-immobilizing antibodies are
detected by the Isojima test. The subject’s serum is incubated
with donor sperm and motility is examined. Testing
for antibodies is of interest to couples with infertility problems.
Treatment with relatively small doses of prednisone
is sometimes useful in improving the situation by diminishing
antisperm antibody titers. One half of infertile females
manifest immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgA sperm-immobilizing
antibodies that affect the tails of spermatozoa. By
contrast, IgM antisperm head-agglutinating antibodies may
occur in homosexual males.
Anti-SM/RNP autoantibodies.
anti-SS-A
An anti-RNA antibody that occurs in Sjögren’s syndrome
patients. The antibody may pass across the placenta in
pregnant females and be associated with heart block in their
infants.
anti-SS-B
An anti-RNA antibody detectable in patients with Sjögren’s
syndrome and other connective tissue (rheumatic) diseases.
antitarget antigen antibodies
Antibodies used to block MHC class II molecules to prolong
allograft survival or to remove Rh(D)+ cells to prevent
sensitization of Rh(D)– mothers.
anti-T cell (CD45RO) antibody
An antibody that reacts with the CD45RO determinant of
leukocyte common antigen. It reacts with most T lymphocytes,
macrophages, and Langerhans’ cells of normal
tissues. It also reacts with peripheral T cell lymphomas, T
cell leukemia, histiocytosis, and monocytic leukemia with
mature phenotype. It reacts very rarely with B cell lymphoma
and leukemia.
anti-T cell receptor idiotype antibodies
Antibodies that interact with antigenic determinants
(idiotypes) at the variable N termini of the heavy and light
chains comprising the paratope region of an antibody molecule
where the antigen-binding site is located. The idiotope
antigenic determinants may be situated within the cleft of
the antigen-binding region or located on the periphery or
outer edge of the variable regions of heavy and light chain
components. Anti-idiotypic antibodies also block T cell
receptors for the antigens for which they are specific.
anti-τ antibodies
Rabbit antibodies against τ, one of the microtubule-associated
proteins (MAPs) in the central nervous system. In the
phosphorylated form, τ is a major component of the paired
helical filaments of the neurofibrillary tangles developed
in Alzheimer’s disease. One of its functions is to stabilize
microtubules. Phosphorylation of τ reduces the stabilizing
effect. The C terminal part of the τ protein shows a high
degree of homology with other MAPs such as MAP2,
and has been suggested to serve as a microtubule-binding
domain. The antibody reacts on immunoblots with τ
protein and with τ from Alzheimer’s paired helical filaments.
Brain tissue from patients with Alzheimer’s disease
is characterized by several histopathological lesions such
as neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. For the
study of lesions associated with Alzheimer’s disease, the
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