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antipapillomavirus antibody 67 anti-PM/Scl autoantibodies
antipapillomavirus antibody
A rabbit antibody against papillomavirus. The structural
antigens on this virus can be detected in a variety of proliferative
squamous lesions. Only 50 to 60% of lesions caused
by papillomavirus will express the structural antigens. This
antibody staining is predominantly intranuclear in a focal
or diffuse pattern, although perinuclear cytoplasmic staining
of koilocytotic cells may also be seen.
antiparathyroid hormone (PTH) antibody
A polyclonal antibody against parathyroid hormone (PTH).
PTH controls the concentration of calcium and phosphate
ions in the blood. A decrease in blood calcium stimulates
the parathyroid gland to secrete PTH, which acts on cells
of bone, increasing the number of osteoclasts and leading
to absorption of the calcified bone matrix and the release
of calcium into the blood. Hyperparathyroidism may be
caused by adenomas, rarely by carcinomas, and by ectopic
PTH production. PTH is released by renal adenocarcinomas
and by squamous cell cancers of the bronchi.
Anti-PCNA antibodies.
anti-PCNAs
Antibodies present in the sera of 3% of systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE) patients. Epitope mapping reveals that
the antibodies bind conformational epitopes of this antigen.
antiphospholipid antibodies
A heterogeneous group of immunoglobulins directed
against negatively charged phospholipids, protein–phospholipid
complexes, and plasma proteins. Antiphospholipid
antibodies occur in autoimmune disease; bacterial, fungal,
and viral infections; and malignant tumors, or they may
result from use of specific medications or appear in normal,
healthy people. They are associated with both venous and
arterial thrombosis. They occur in systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome,
Reiter’s syndrome, and possibly scleroderma and polyarteritis.
They may appear as a result of HIV, Lyme disease,
ornithosis, adenovirus, rubella and chicken pox, smallpox
vaccination, or syphilis. Refer also to anticardiolipin antibody
syndrome and to lupus anticoagulant.
antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
An autoimmune disorder characterized by autoantibodies
against constituents of the prothrombin activator complex
requisite for the blood coagulation cascade. A condition with
four common clinical features: venous thrombosis, arterial
thrombosis, pregnancy loss, or thrombocytopenia. Fifty
percent of patients present with primary APS (not associated
with systemic disease), and the remaining 50% have secondary
APS associated with such diseases as systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), other connective tissue diseases, HIV
or other infections, malignancy, and drug use. APS is a leading
cause of hypercoagulability and thrombosis. Thrombosis
is the most common presentation of APS. Anticardiolipin
(ACA)-positive APS and lupus anticoagulant (LA)-positive
APS are the two syndromes. ACA-APS is more common
than LA-APS, with a relative prevalence of 5 to 2. Both are
associated with thrombosis, fetal wastage, and thrombocytopenia.
ACA-APC is associated with both arterial and
venous thrombosis including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary
embolism, premature coronary artery disease, and
premature cerebrovascular disease. By contrast, LA-APS is
more commonly associated with venous thrombosis involving
mesenteric, renal, hepatic, and portal veins and vena
cava. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are demonstrated
by either prolongation of a phospholipid-dependent coagulation
test (lupus) or by their reactivity to anticoagulant (LA
anionic phospholipids [PL]) in a solid-phase immunoassay.
To diagnose APS, at least one of the above clinical features
and a positive test are required.
Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)⎯placenta.
antiplacental alkaline phosphatase antibody
Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) is normally produced
by syncytiotrophoblasts after the 12th week of pregnancy.
Human placental alkaline phosphatase is a member
of a family of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase
enzymes and isoenzymes. It is expressed by both malignant
somatic and germ-cell tumors. PLAP immunoreactivity can
be used in conjunction with epithelial membrane antigen
(EMA) and keratin to differentiate between germ cell and
somatic tumor metastases. Germ cell tumors appear to be
universally reactive for PLAP, whereas somatic tumors
show only 15 to 20% reactivity.
antiplatelet antibodies
Autoantibodies that may be induced by drugs such as
amphotericin B, cephalothin, methicillin, pentamidine,
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxizole, and vancomycin.
anti-PM/Scl autoantibodies
Myositis-associated autoantibodies specific for the nucleolar
antigen PM/Scl found among many patients with overlap
syndrome with features such as scleroderma and polymyositis/dermatomyositis
(25%). This autoantibody is found in
a few patients with pure polymyositis or scleroderma. It is
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