Untitled - D Ank Unlimited

antinucleosome antibodies 66 antipancreatic polypeptide (PP) antibody
ANA peripheral pattern.
ANA speckled pattern.
ANA nucleolar pattern.
antibodies, the patient’s serum is incubated with Hep-2 cells
and the pattern of nuclear staining is determined by fluorescence
microscopy. The homogeneous pattern of staining represents
the morphologic expression of antinuclear antibodies
specific for ribonucleoprotein, which is positive in more than
95% of cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and druginduced
lupus erythematosus and 70 to 90% of cases of diffuse
systemic sclerosis and limited scleroderma (CREST) cases. It
is also positive in 50 to 80% of Sjögren’s syndrome and in 40
to 60% of inflammatory myopathies. The test is also positive in
progressive systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other
connective tissue disorders. Peripheral nuclear staining represents
the morphologic expression of DNA antibodies associated
with SLE. Nucleolar fluorescence signifies anti-RNA
antibodies of the type that occurs in progressive systemic sclerosis
(scleroderma). The speckled pattern of staining is seen in
several connective tissue diseases. When antinuclear antibodies
(ANAs) reach elevated titers significantly above the normal
serum level, ANA tests are considered positive. The indirect
immunofluorescence technique (IFT) is used as a screening
technique before more specific methods are used. Most ANAs
are specific for nucleic acids or proteins associated with nucleic
acids. Only nucleoli in centromeres of chromosomes can be
distinguished by IFT as separate antigens. Nucleosomes are
irrelevant autoantigens for the formation of antibodies against
nucleosomes, histones, and DNA. Antibodies against specific
nuclear antigens are listed individually.
antinucleosome antibodies
Antibodies specific for nucleosomes or subnucleosomal
structures that consist of DNA plus core histones. These
autoantibodies were the first to be associated with systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE) and were formerly referred to as
LE factors responsible for the so-called LE cell phenomenon.
antioxidants and immunity
Immune function depends on a balance between the free
radical and antioxidant status of the body. Exposure of
healthy adults to high levels of oxidants leads to diminished
immune responses. Exposure to low levels of dietary antioxidants
also decreases immune responses such as delayed-type
hypersensitivity. Increased oxidative stress and immune
dysfunction result from rheumatoid arthritis, aging, and cigarette
smoking, leading to damage to lipids and other cellular
components by free radicals. Antioxidant status is reduced
in arthritic patients and smokers compared with controls.
Thus, supplemental antioxidants are useful for diminishing
oxidative stress and improving immune function. Increased
levels of antioxidants may be needed for elderly individuals
to maintain delayed-type hypersensitivity responses.
anti-p24 antibodies
Antibodies against the viral core protein p24 appear
within weeks of acute human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) infection and may have a role in the decrease in
plasma viremia associated with primary infection. The
decline in anti-p24 antibodies is linked to HIV disease
progression.
anti-p53 primary antibody (clone Bp53-11)
A mouse monoclonal antibody directed against both the
mutant and wild-type of the p53 nuclear phosphoprotein.
Normal cells very rarely express p53, but alterations in the
p53 suppressor gene result in an overproduction of this protein
in malignancies. This reagent may be used to aid in the
identification of abnormally proliferating cells in neoplastic
cell populations. It is intended for qualitative staining in
sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue on a
Ventana automated slide staining device. Some form of antigen
enhancement is required for paraffin-embedded samples.
The p53 antibody specifically binds to nuclear antigen(s)
associated with the normal downregulation of cell division.
Increased expression of p53 in actively dividing cells is an
indication of loss of function due to mutation of the p53 gene.
antipancreatic polypeptide (PP) antibody
A polyclonal antibody that detects pancreatic polypeptide in
routinely fixed, paraffin-embedded or frozen tissue sections.
Hyperplasia of pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells (PP
cells) is often seen in patients with juvenile diabetes, chronic
pancreatitis, and islet cell tumors. Hyperplasia of PP cells
(greater than 10% of the islet cell population) in the nontumoral
pancreas has been observed in nearly 50% of islet cell
tumors. Demonstration of increased numbers of cells secreting
PP found both within the islets and between the islets is characteristic
of type II hyperplasia of pancreatic islets.