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venom 740 V gene
Ileum
Lumen
the first 2 weeks after the transplant. The incidence may
be higher among older patients with diagnoses of acute
myelogenous leukemia (AML) or chronic myelogenous
leukemia (CML) and hepatitis. The mortality rate of VOD
is relatively high at 32%.
venom
A poisonous substance produced by selected species such
as snakes, arthropods, and bees. The poison is transmitted
by bite or sting. At least 100 species of fish inject venoms
that are hazardous to humans including sharks, rays, catfish,
weever fish, scorpion fish, and stargazers.
vermiform appendix
A lymphoid organ situated at the ileocecal junction of the
gastrointestinal tract.
very late activation antigens (VLA molecules)
β 1 integrins that have the CD19 β chain in common. They
were originally described on T lymphocytes grown in longterm
culture and subsequently found on additional types of
leukocytes and on cells other than blood cells. VLA proteins
facilitate leukocyte adherence to vascular endothelium
and extracellular matrix. Resting T lymphocytes
express VLA-4, VLA-5, and VLA-6. VLA-4 is expressed
on multiple cells that include thymocytes, lymphocytes in
blood, B and T cell lines, monocytes, natural killer (NK)
cells, and eosinophils. The extracellular matrix ligand
for VLA-4 and VLA-5 is fibronectin, and for VLA-6 it is
laminin. The binding of these molecules to their ligands
gives T lymphocytes costimulator signals. VLA-5 is present
on monocytes, memory T lymphocytes, platelets, and
fibroblasts. It facilitates B and T cell binding to fibronectin.
VLA-6, found on platelets, T cells, thymocytes,
and monocytes, mediates platelet adhesion to laminin.
VLA-3 is a laminin receptor, binds collagen, and identifies
fibronectin. It is present on B cells, the thyroid, and
the renal glomeruli. Platelet VLA-2 binds to collagen only.
Endothelial cell VLA-2 combines with collagen and laminin.
Lymphocytes bind through VLA-4 to high endothelial
venules and endothelial cell surface proteins (VCAM-1) in
areas of inflammation. VLA-1 present on activated T cells,
monocytes, melanoma cells, and smooth muscle cells binds
collagen and laminin.
Vermiform appendix.
Germinal center
Lymphoid
follicles
Crypts of
Lieberkühn
Cross-sectional view
of appendix
TCR
MHC
Autoreactive
T-cell
Veto cell
Veto effect.
Self epitope
vesiculation
Development of minute intraepidermal fluid-filled spaces,
i.e., vesicles seen in contact dermatitis.
veto cells
A proposed population of cells suggested to facilitate
maintenance of self tolerance through veto of autoimmune
responses by T cells. A veto cell would neutralize the function
of an autoreactive T lymphocyte. A T cell identifies
itself as an autoreactive lymphocyte by recognizing the
surface antigen on the veto cell. No special receptors with
specificity for the autoreactive T lymphocyte are required
for the veto cell to render the T lymphocyte nonfunctional.
Contemporary research suggests the existence of a veto cell
that can eliminate cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors
reactive against allogeneic major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) class I molecules or antigens presented in
association with self MHC class I molecules.
V gene
Gene encoding the variable region of immunoglobulin
light or heavy chains. Although it is not in proximity to the