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varicella (chickenpox) vaccine 737 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)
other conditions. HHV-3 may become latent when chickenpox
resolves. Its DNA may become integrated into dorsal
route ganglion cells. Varicella may be associated with the
onset of herpes zoster or shingles later in life.
varicella (chickenpox) vaccine
An immunizing preparation comprised of attenuated varicella
virus.
varicella–zoster virus immunity
Varicella–zoster virus (VZV) causes two illnesses: chickenpox
or varicella and shingles or herpes zoster. Chicken-pox
is the primary infection, and reactivation of the virus in
adulthood causes shingles, a dermatomal exanthem. The
immune response to chickenpox includes an IgM response
at the end of the incubation period when a vesicular rash
appears. Immunofluorescence can be used to detect VZVspecific
antibodies reacting with the outer membranes of
live VCV-infected cells. The initial antibodies are specific
for VCV gB and are followed quickly by antibodies to
gH and gE. Chickenpox patients also develop a cellular
immune response that reacts with the same viral glycoproteins
recognized by the antibody and a regulatory protein
called IE62. Chickenpox patients develop lymphocyte
proliferative responses to VZV gE, gI, gB, gH, and IE62
antigens. CD8 + class I-restricted T cells and CD4 + class-IIrestricted
T cells mediate VZV-specific cytotoxicity. The
VZV cellular immune responses control the severity of
the chickenpox exanthem in normal individuals. A latent
VZV infection develops in most children, in whom the
virus remains dormant in the dorsal root ganglia for many
years. In senior adult years, the virus may become reactivated
and induce herpes zoster (shingles) associated with
the decreased immunity that accompanies increasing age.
In the period prior to the development of zoster, anti-VZV
glycoprotein antibody is greatly diminished in serum and
cellular immunity is likewise decreased. Cells synthesizing
IFN-γ (Th1 cells) diminish more than those producing
interleukin-4 (IL4) (Th2 cells). Several weeks after the
appearance of herpes zoster, high titers of VZV-specific
antibody appear along with increased lymphoproliferative
response to VZV antigens. Varicella–zoster immune globulin
(VZIG) of high titer can prevent chickenpox if injected
intermuscularly. It is important to give the globulin within
3 to 4 days after exposure to chickenpox. A live attenuated
varicella vaccine is available in the United States, Europe,
and Japan. Vaccination is followed by the development of
both humoral and cellular immune responses.
variola (smallpox)
Variola major is a Poxvirus variolae-induced disease that
has been almost eliminated worldwide. This virus-induced
disease causes vesicular and pustular skin lesions, leading
to disfigurement, and produces viremia and toxemia. In
the past, approximately one third of unvaccinated people
succumbed to the disease. Variola minor (alastrim) is a mild
form of smallpox produced by a different strain that is so
weak it cannot induce the formation of pox on the chick
chorioallantoic membrane. The term variola describes both
the smallpox virus and the disease it causes.
variolation (historical)
The intracutaneous inoculation of pus from lesions of
smallpox victims into healthy nonimmune subjects to
produce smallpox immunity. In China, lesional crusts were
ground to a powder and inserted into the nostrils. The
procedure protected some individuals, but often caused
life-threatening smallpox infections. Jenner’s introduction
of cowpox vaccination to protect against smallpox rendered
variolation obsolete.
vascular addressins
Mucin-like molecules on endothelial cells that bind selected
leukocytes to certain anatomical sites. They govern the
selective homing of leukocytes to specific locations. The
cellular adhesion molecules on high endothelial venules
(HEVs) facilitate extravasation of lymphocytes at particular
anatomical sites. HEVs of the various lymphoid organs and
tissues express different addressins on their surfaces and
signal only lymphocytes with appropriate complementary
homing receptors.
VCAM
Integrin-binding fragment of VCAM-1.
ICAM-1
Endothelial cell
ICAM-2
Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1).
vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)
A molecule that binds lymphocytes and monocytes. It is
found on activated endothelial cells, dendritic cells, tissue
macrophages, bone marrow fibroblasts, and myoblasts.
VCAM-1 belongs to the immunoglobulin gene superfamily
and is a ligand for VLA-4 (integrin α 4/β 1) and integrin
α 4/β 7. It plays an important role in leukocyte recruitment
to inflammatory sites; facilitates lymphocyte, eosinophil,
and monocyte adhesion to activated endothelium; and
participates in lymphocyte–dendritic cell interaction in the
immune response.
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