Untitled - D Ank Unlimited

T reg cells 717 triple response of Lewis
complementarity-determining regions of a murine antibody
(4D5) that binds to HER-2. Commercially distributed as
HERCEPTIN ® . It prevents binding by the natural ligand
and downregulates the receptor. It is used to treat metastatic
breast cancer in which the tumors overexpress HER-2/neu.
T reg cells
CD4 + /CD25 + regulatory T cells that are positive for
CTLA-4 but fail to secrete significant quantities of cytokines.
Through intercellular interactions, they can anergize
T cells nonspecifically. They may render antigen-presenting
cells tolerogenic through downregulation of their costimulatory
molecules.
Treponema immunity
Infection with Treponema pallidum induces both cellular
and humoral immune responses. The humoral response
is characterized by the synthesis of phospholipid and
treponemal antibodies detected in the serological diagnosis
of syphilis. Flocculation tests have long been used to detect
phospholipid and cardiolipin antibodies. They make use
of a cardiolipin–lecithin–cholesterol antigen in the VDRL
(Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) test. Cardiolipin
F antibody specific for host cell mitochondrial cardiolipin
(autoantibody) is also associated with syphilis but not
used in diagnosis. Treponemal antibodies that appear with
cardiolipin antibodies after infection are detectable by
immunofluorescence and remain detectable in a host for
many years. Autoantibodies against tissue phospholipids
and other tissue components also occur in T. palliduminfected
hosts. The cell-mediated immune response consists
of macrophage activation and induction of CD8 + and CD4 +
T cells. The cell-mediated immunity appears to be more
important than the humoral response.
Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA)
A test for antibodies specific for Treponema pallidum used
formerly to diagnose syphilis. T. pallidum antigens are
coated onto sheep red blood cells treated with tannic acid
and formalin. Aggregation of antigen-coated red cells signified
the presence of antibody.
Treponema pallidum immobilization test (TPI)
A diagnostic test for syphilis in which living, motile
Treponema pallidum microorganisms are combined with
a sample of serum presumed to contain specific antibody.
Complement is also present. If the serum sample contains
anti-Treponema antibody, the motile microorganisms
become immobilized. This test is much more specific for
1
A
NH
Tap 1 Tap 2
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
B C D E E D C B
Human
Tap1
COOH COOH
F
Human Tap2
Topology of TAP1 and TAP2 proteins.
1
A
NH
the diagnosis of syphilis than complement fixation tests
such as the early Wassermann reaction. It is rarely used
because living T. pallidum microorganisms are not readily
available and handling them is hazardous.
TRF
Abbreviation for T cell replacing factor.
Trichuris trichiura immunity
Human immune responses against these worm infections
include specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgE
antibody responses. The IgG level increases with the level
of infection, but elevated IgA levels may be associated with
diminished worm burdens. The cellular response remains
to be defined. Macrophages release tumor necrosis factor
α (TNF-α), and an IgE-mediated release of mast cell
mediators contributes to inflammation and enteropathy
associated with infection. In mice, the immune response to
T. muris consists of a powerful T cell response that leads to
premature expulsion of worms from the intestine. Primary
infections are followed by the development of resistance
to reinfection. Immunity can be passively transferred with
CD4 + T cells or immune sera. Inflammatory responses are
not believed to contribute to immunity. Murine strains that
effectively eliminate the infection develop responses mediated
by Th2 cells. No vaccine is available for Trichuris.
R 1
NO 2
NO 2
NO 2
Trinitrophenyl group.
trinitrophenyl (picryl) group
A chemical grouping that may serve as a hapten when
linked to a protein through –NH 2 groups by reaction with
picryl chloride or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid.
triple response of Lewis
Skin change of immediate hypersensitivity determined by
striking the skin with a sharp object such as the side of a
ruler. The first (stroke) response is caused by the production
of histamine and related mediators at the point of
contact. The second response is a flare resembling a red
T