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transgenes 715 translation
chills, chest pains, cyanosis, and hemorrhage; some may
even collapse. The appearance of these symptoms and a
temperature increase of 1°C signal the need to halt the
transfusion. Immune noninfectious transfusion reactions
include allergic urticaria (immediate hypersensitivity);
anaphylaxis, as in the administration of blood to immunoglobulin
A (IgA)-deficient subjects, some of whom develop
anti-IgA antibodies of the IgE class; and serum sickness,
in which the serum proteins such as immunoglobulins
induce the formation of precipitating antibodies that lead
to immune complex formation. Transfusion reactions may
cause intravascular lysis of red blood cells and when severe
may lead to renal injury, fever, shock, and disseminated
intravascular coagulation.
transgenes
Foreign genes that are artificially and deliberately introduced
into a germline. Refer to transgenic mice.
transgenic
An organism in which DNA from another organism has
been inserted into its genome via recombinant DNA
techniques. Transgenic animals are usually produced by
microinjection of DNA into the pronuclei of fertilized eggs,
with the DNA integrating at random.
transgenic animal
An animal into whose genome a foreign gene has been introduced.
Introduction of the exogenous gene into a mouse can
be achieved by microinjection into a pronucleus of a recently
fertilized egg or through retroviruses. The egg that received
the foreign gene is transferred to the oviduct of a pseudopregnant
female. If the gene becomes integrated into a chromosome,
it is passed on to the progeny through the germline
and will be expressed in all cells. Natural transcriptional
promoters and enhancers or exogenous regulatory elements
engineered into it may control expression of a transgene.
transgenic line
A transgenic mouse strain in which the transgene is stably
integrated into the germline and therefore inherited in
Mendelian fashion by succeeding generations.
transgenic mice
Mice that carry a foreign gene that was artificially and
deliberately introduced into their germline. The added
genes are termed transgenes. Fertilized egg pronuclei
Isolate
fertilized
eggs
Gene
injected
into
pronucleus
Eggs are reimplanted
into pseudopregnant female
Enhancer
Study of hybrid gene expression occurs
with litters of mated founder animals
receive microinjections of linearized DNA. These are
placed in pseudopregnant female oviducts and development
proceeds. About one fourth of the mice that develop
following injection of several hundred gene copies into
pronuclei are transgenic. These mice are used to study
genes not usually expressed in vivo and alterations in genes
that are developmentally regulated to express normal genes
and cells where they are not usually expressed. Transgenic
mice are also used to delete certain populations of cells
with transgenes that encode toxic proteins. They are highly
significant in immunologic research.
transgenic mouse
A mouse developed from an embryo into which foreign
genes were transferred. Transgenic mice have provided
much valuable data related to immunological tolerance,
autoimmune phenomena, oncogenesis, developmental biology,
and related topics. The transgene has been introduced
and stably incorporated into germline cells, ensuring that
it can be passed on to progeny. A specific DNA sequence
is injected into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs.
Transgenes insert randomly at chromosomal breakpoints
and are inherited as simple Mendelian traits. Studies with
transgenic mice have yielded much data about cytokines,
cell surface molecules, and intracellular signaling
molecules.
transgenic organism
An animal or plant into which foreign genes that encode
specific proteins have been inserted. Controlling the site of
gene insertion has not yet been accomplished. Insertion into
some positions may even lead to activation of the host’s own
structural genes.
transgenics
The transfer of needed genes into an organism for the purpose
of providing a missing protein that these genes encode.
transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy
A delay in the onset of antibody synthesis by a 2-1/2- to
3-year old child in whom maternal antibodies passed across
the placenta have already disappeared. Helper T cell function
is impaired, yet B cell numbers are at physiologic levels.
translation
The synthesis of a peptide chain using amino acids to
produce proteins.
Promoter
Transgenic mice.
Gene
Termination
sequences
Cloned
gene
fragment
T