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antiglial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody 58 antigranulocyte antibodies
antiglial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody
A rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against glial fibrillary
acidic protein present in the cytoplasm of most human
astrocytes and ependymal cells. This reagent may be used
to aid in the identification of cells of glial lineage. The
antibody is intended for qualitative staining in sections of
formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Anti-GFAP antibody
specifically binds to the glial fibrillary acidic protein
located in the cytoplasm of normal and neoplastic glial
cells. Unexpected antigen expression or loss of expression
may occur, especially in neoplasms. Occasionally, stromal
elements surrounding heavily stained tissue and/or cells
will show immunoreactivity. The clinical interpretation of
any staining or its absence must be complemented by morphological
studies and evaluation of proper controls.
antiglobulin
An antibody raised by immunization of one species, such as a
rabbit, with immunoglobulin from another species, such as a
human. Rabbit anti-human globulin has been used for many
years in an antiglobulin test to detect incomplete antibodies
coating red blood cells, as in erythroblastosis fetalis or autoimmune
hemolytic anemia. Antiglobulin antibodies are specific
for epitopes in the Fc regions of immunoglobulin molecules
used as immunogens, rendering them capable of agglutinating
cells whose surface antigens are combined with the Fab regions
of IgG molecules whose Fc regions are exposed.
antiglobulin consumption test
An assay to test for the presence of an antibody in serum
which is incubated with antigen-containing cells or antigencontaining
particles. After washing, the cells or particles
are treated with antiglobulin reagents and incubated further.
If any antibody has complexed with the cells or particles,
antiglobulin will be taken up. Antiglobulin depletion from
the mixture is evaluated by assaying the free antiglobulin
in the supernatant through combination with incomplete
antibody-coated erythrocytes. No hemagglutination reveals
that the antiglobulin reagent was consumed in the first step
of the reaction and shows that the patient’s original serum
contained the antibody in question.
antiglobulin inhibition test
An assay based upon interference with the antiglobulin test
through reaction of the antiglobulin reagent with antibody
against it prior to combination with incomplete antibodycoated
erythrocytes. This is the basis for the so-called
antiglobulin consumption test.
antiglobulin test
When red blood cells are coated with antibodies that are
not agglutinable in saline, such as those from an infant with
erythroblastosis fetalis, a special anti-human immunoglobulin
(Ig) prepared by immunizing rabbits with human IgG
may be employed to crosslink the antibody-coated red cells
to produce agglutination. Although previously considered
to be incomplete antibodies, they are known to be bivalent
but may be of a smaller size than saline agglutinable-type
antibodies. R.R.A. Coombs developed this test in England in
the 1940s. In addition to its usefulness in hemolytic disease
of the newborn, the Coombs’ test detects incomplete
antibody-coated erythrocytes from patients with autoimmune
hemolytic anemia. In the direct Coombs’ test, red blood cells
linked to saline nonagglutinable antibody are first washed,
combined with rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin serum,
and then observed for agglutination. In the indirect Coombs’
Epitope
on cell
surface
Mechanism of the antiglobulin test to demonstrate
nonagglutinating antibodies on red cell surfaces in
autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Nonagglutinating
specific antibody
Rabbit antihuman
immunoglobulin
Antiglobulin test.
Epitope
on cell
surface
test, serum containing the saline nonagglutinable antibodies
is combined with red blood cells that are coated but not
agglutinated. The rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin is then
added to these antibody-coated red cells, and agglutination
is observed as in the direct Coombs’ reaction. A third assay
termed the non-gamma test requires the incubation of erythrocytes
with anti-C3 or anti-C4 antibodies. Agglutination
reflects the presence of these complement components on red
blood cell surfaces. This is an indirect technique to identify
IgM antibodies that have fixed complement, such as those
that are specific for Rh blood groups.
antiglutinin
Mammalian seminal plasma substance that prevents
washed spermatozoa from spontaneously agglutinating
(i.e., autoagglutinating).
anti-GM1 antibodies
Antibodies found in 2 to 40% of Guillain–Barré syndrome
(GBS) patients. They are mainly IgG 1, IgG 1, or IgA rather
than IgM, even though IgM anti-GM 1 antibodies have been
found in a few GBS cases. Anti-GM 1 antibodies are more
frequent in GBS patients who experienced Campylobacter
jejuni infection (up to 50% of cases). Titers are highest
initially and fall as the disease progresses. These antibodies
are present in spinal fluid, apparently due to disruption
of the blood–nerve barrier. Anti-GM 1 antibodies recognize
surface epitopes on Campylobacter bacteria, stains, and
possibly a saccharide identical to the terminal tetrasaccharide
of GM 1 that has been found in Campylobacter
lipopolysaccharide. IgG anti-GM 1 has been postulated to
selectively injure motor nerves in GBS.
antigranulocyte antibodies
Antigranulocyte antibodies play a significant role in the
pathogenesis of febrile transfusion reactions, drug-induced
neutropenia, isoimmune neonatal neutropenia, autoimmune
neutropenia (including Felty’s syndrome), Graves’
disease, Evans syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE), and primary autoimmune neutropenia of children.
Antigranulocyte antibodies are best detected and quantitated
by flow cytometry.