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TRANCE (RANK ligand) 713 transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)
TRANCE (RANK ligand)
TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE) is a
member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family and is
involved in regulating the functions of dendritic cells and
osteoclasts. RANK is the cell surface signaling receptor for
TRANCE. Osteoprotegerin also binds TRANCE and serves as
a decay receptor that counterbalances the effects of TRANCE.
transcobalamin II deficiency
Infants deficient in transcobalamin II, the main transport
protein for vitamin B 12, develop megaloblastic anemia and
agammaglobulinemia. B lymphocytes require vitamin B 12
for terminal differentiation. B 12 therapy corrects the deficiency
that has an autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance.
transcobalamin II deficiency with hypogammaglobulinemia
An association of transcobalamin II deficiency with hypogammaglobulinemia,
gastrointestinal, and hematologic disorders.
This condition is inherited as an autosomal-recessive
trait. Patients may manifest macrocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia,
leukopenia, and malabsorption resulting from small
intestinal mucosal atrophy. Transcobalamin II is a protein
needed for vitamin B 12 transport in the blood. Circulating B
lymphocytes are normal, but plasma cells are absent from the
bone marrow. Affected subjects often fail to produce antibodies
following immunogenic challenge. T cell responsiveness to
phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and skin tests are within normal
limits. Intramuscular replacement therapy with vitamin
B 12 has improved immunoglobulin levels in the blood and
rendered immunization against common antigens successful.
The defect in the ability of B cells to undergo clonal expansion
and mature into antibody-producing B cells is related to a
deficiency in the transcobalamin II necessary for the passage
of vitamin B 12 to the internal environments of cells.
transcription
RNA synthesis using a DNA template.
transcription factors
Proteins that unite with motifs in promoters and initiate,
support, or block gene transcription. Examples are: NF-κB,
NF-AT, CIITA, IRF, AP-1 (c-fos/c-jun), c-myc, CREB,
CBF, Ikaros, PU-1, Tcf-1, Lef-1, GATA-3 and T-bet.
transcriptomics
Science concerned with the total RNA an organism produces.
transcytosis
The conveyance of a molecule from one cell surface area to
the opposite cell surface via intracellular transport vesicles,
e.g., the active transport of molecules across epithelial
cells. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) molecules are transported
by transcytosis across intestinal epithelial cells in vesicles
formed on basolateral surfaces and fuse with apical surfaces
in contact with the intestinal lumen.
transduction
The use of a virus to transfer genes, such as the use of a
bacteriophage to convey genes from one bacterial cell to
another. Other viruses such as retroviruses may also transfer
genes from one cell type to another.
transfection
The transfer of double-stranded DNA extracted from
neoplastic cells for the purpose of producing phenotypic
alterations of malignancy in the recipient cells.
transfectoma
Antibody-synthesizing cells generated by introducing
genetically engineered antibody genes into myeloma cells
using genomic DNA.
transfer factor (TF)
A substance in extracts of leukocytes that is as effective
as viable lymphoid cells in transferring delayed-type
hypersensitivity. The active principle is not destroyed by
treatment with DNase or RNase. Originally described
by H.S. Lawrence, TF has been the subject of numerous
investigations. It is dialyzable and its weight is