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tolerosome 709 tonsil
Susumu Tonegawa.
Intraepithelial
lymphocytes
Tonsil.
Germinal center
interaction of dendritic cells with Ts cells or culture with
low levels of GM-CSF, elevated IL10, or TGFβ, or with
pharmacologic agents such as cyclosporine A, aspirin, or
corticosteroids that block NF-κB signaling. Also called
modulated dendritic cells.
tolerosome
A modified membrane complex of T cell receptors stimulated
by antigen, CD3 chains, costimulatory and adhesion
molecules, coreceptors, and additional signaling molecules
linked with lipid rafts in an anergic T cell. These constituent
signaling molecules are distinct from those present in
the immunosomes of activated T cells.
Toll-like receptors
Receptors on the surfaces of phagocytes and other cells
that signal the activation of macrophages responding to
microbial products such as endotoxins in a natural or innate
immune response. They are structurally homologous and
share signal transduction pathways with the type I interleukin-1
(IL1) receptor. This family of membrane-bound pattern
recognition receptors has been conserved in evolution.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), host stress ligands, peptidoglycan,
bacterial flagellin, viral dsRNA, viral ssRNA, and
bacterial CpG nucleotides serve as ligands for selected
Connective tissue
Histology of the tonsil.
Crypt
Stratified
squamous
epithelial tissue
TLRs. While selected TLRs such as TLR2 and TLR4 are
expressed on the cell surface, others such as TLR7 and
TLR9 are found in endosomal vesicle membranes. TLR
interaction activates dendritic cell maturation and the synthesis
of defensins by epithelial cells.
tolmetin
(1-methyl-5-p-toluoylpyrrole-2-acetic acid). An anti-inflammatory
agent effective in treating juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
Tonegawa, Susumu (1939–)
Japanese-born immunologist working in the United States.
He received the Nobel Prize in 1987 for his research
on immunoglobulin genes and antibody diversity. He
and his colleagues were responsible for the discovery of
immunoglobulin gene C, V, J, and D regions and their
rearrangement.
tonsil
Lymphoid tissue masses at the intersection of the oral cavity
and the pharynx (in the oropharynx). Tonsils contain mostly
B lymphocytes and are classified as secondary lymphoid
T