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tertiary response 690 tetanus toxin
of reacting with the products of an immune response. He
chemically coupled haptens to large biological macromolecules
(he called carriers) such as ovalbumin, producing conjugated
antigens capable of stimulating an immune response.
The nonvalent hapten in pure form along with serum
antibodies could then be used to study antibody–hapten
interactions without the complications of multideterminant
macromolecular antigens. These antibody populations were
still heterogenous with respect to structure to class, subclass,
and so on. Isolation of monoclonal antibodies derived from
the sera of multiple myeloma patients led to sequencing and
x-ray diffraction studies of homogenous antibody populations.
Hybridoma technology now provides a mechanism to
produce monoclonal homogenous antibodies in vitro.
tertiary response
The consequence of a third injection of an immunogen into
an animal.
Tertiary structure.
tertiary structure
The folding of a polypeptide chain as a result of the interactions
of its amino acid side chains that may be situated
near or far along the chain. This three-dimensional folding
occurs in globular proteins. Tertiary structure also refers to
the spatial arrangement of protein atoms regardless of their
relationship to atoms in adjacent molecules.
test dosing
A method to determine whether an individual has type I
anaphylactic hypersensitivity to various drugs (e.g., penicillin)
or antisera prior to administration. The procedure is
not without danger, as even scratch tests with highly diluted
NH 2
Heme group
penicillin preparations in highly sensitized subjects have
been known to produce fatal anaphylactic shock.
testicular autoimmunity
Natural animal models of infertility include beagles and
mink. A colony of developed mink contains approximately
20 to 30% infertile males that develop circulating antibodies
to acrosomal antigens of spermatozoa that may be detected
in their sera. Heavy granular deposits of immunoglobulin G
(IgG) and/or C3 have been found in the basal lamina of the
seminiferous tubules in 71% of mink with late infertility.
Immunoglobulins eluted from these deposits contained antibodies
to the acrosome of mink spermatozoa. Spermatozoal
antigens were not detected in the immune deposits.
tetanus
A disease in which the exotoxin of Clostridium tetani produces
tonic muscle spasm and hyperreflexia, leading to tris
(lock jaw), generalized muscle spasms, spasm of the glottis,
arching of the back, seizures, respiratory spasms, and
paralysis. Tetanus toxin is a neurotoxin. The disease occurs
1 to 2 weeks after tetanus spores are introduced into deep
wounds that provide anaerobic growth conditions.
tetanus antitoxin
Antibody raised by immunizing horses against Clostridium
tetani exotoxin. It is used to treat or prevent tetanus in individuals
with contaminated lesions. Anaphylaxis or serum
sickness (type III hypersensitivity) may occur in individuals
receiving second injections because of sensitization to horse
serum proteins following initial exposure to horse antitoxin.
One solution has been the use of human antitetanus toxin of
high titer. Treatment of the IgG fraction yields F(ab 2) fragments
that retain all of the toxin neutralizing capacity with
diminished antigenicity of the antitoxin preparation.
tetanus toxin
The exotoxin synthesized by Clostridium tetani. It acts on
the nervous system, interrupting neuromuscular transmission
and preventing synaptic inhibition in the spinal cord.
It binds to disialosyl ganglioside, a nerve cell membrane
glycolipid. The effects of tetanus toxin are countered by
specific antitoxin.
Cys
24
Cys
37
Cys
48
Cys
32
Cys
59
Transforming growth factor α (TGF-α). The structure was determined by a combination of two-dimensional NMR distance geometry and restrained
molecular dynamics using the GROMOS program. United atoms were used for all nonpolar hydrogen atoms and are not included in this coordinate entry.
Cys
50
HOOC