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T cell tolerance 687 telencephalin
VLA-4
VCAM-1
T cell
Activated endothelial cell.
LFA-1
ICAM-1
by MHC molecules, cytotoxic T cells, cell-mediated immunity,
and allograft rejection. T cell-dependent, rapid anamnestic
antibody responses of high affinity and heterogeneity are confined
to warm blooded vertebrates such as mammals and birds.
T cell tolerance
The processing and presentation of self proteins complexed
with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
on antigen-presenting cells of the thymus. The immature T
lymphocytes exiting the thymus are tolerant to self antigens.
Tolerance of T cells to tissue antigens not represented
in the thymus is maintained by peripheral tolerance and is
attributable to clonal anergy in which antigen-presenting
cells recognize antigen in the absence of costimulation. Thus,
cytokines are not activated to stimulate T cell responses. The
activation of T lymphocytes by high antigen concentration
may lead to their deaths through Fas-mediated apoptosis.
Regulatory T lymphocytes may also suppress the reactivity
of T lymphocytes specific for self antigens. Interleukin-10
(IL10), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), or another
immunosuppressive cytokine produced by T lymphocytes
reactive with self may facilitate tolerance. Clonal ignorance
may also be important in preventing autoimmune reactivity.
T cell vaccination (TCV)
A technique to modulate immune response in which T
lymphocytes are administered as immunogens. The vaccine
is composed of T cells specific for the target autoantigen
in an autoimmune response to be modulated. For example,
antimyelin basic protein CD4 +/ CD8 – T cells serving as a vaccine
were irradiated (1500 R) and injected into Lewis rats.
Vaccination with the attenuated anti-MBP T cells induced
resistance against subsequent efforts to induce experimental
allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) by active immunization
with myelin basic protein in adjuvant. This technique may
even induce resistance against EAE adoptively transferred
by active anti-MBP T cells. This method was successfully
applied to other disease models of adjuvant arthritis, collagen-induced
arthritis, experimental autoimmune neuritis,
experimental autoimmune thyroiditis, and insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (IDDM). TCV was demonstrated to successfully
abort established autoimmune disease and spontaneous
autoimmune disease in the case of IDDM.
TCGF (T cell growth factor)
Interleukin-2 (IL2).
TCRαβ transgenic mouse (TCR tg)
A murine transgenic model produced by incorporating
into its germline DNA the rearranged genes that encode
specific TCRα and β chains that constitute a TCR recognizing
a specific pMHC. Most T cells in each TCR Tg mouse
express the same TCR protein and same specificity for
antigen.
TCR complex
Antigen receptor of T lineage cells. In αβ T cells, the
complex is comprised of αβ TCR in addition to CD3γε,
CDδε, CD3ζζ, CD3ζη, or CD3ζ–Fc ε RIγ. In γδ T cells, the
complex is comprised of a γδ TCR, two CD3γε heterodimers,
and CDζζ, CD3ζη, or CD3ζ–FcεRIγ.
TCR tickling
Protracted but slight activation of the T cell receptors of
resting naïve T cells by self-pMHC complexes presented in
lymph nodes. Inhibits apoptotic death usually induced in
naïve mature T cells without specific antigen. May have a
role in maintaining memory T cells.
Tc cells
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes that identify nonself peptide presented
by an MHC class I molecule on a target cell surface.
Once activated, Tc cells become cytotoxic T lymphocyte
effector cells that fatally injure target cells via perforin/
granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity or secreted cytotoxic
cytokines. Tc cells are usually CD8 coreceptor-positive.
Tc lymphocyte
Refer to cytotoxic T lymphocyte.
TD antigen
Abbreviation for thymus-dependent antigen.
T-dependent antigen
Refer to thymus-dependent antigen.
TdT
Abbreviation for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.
TDTH lymphocyte
A delayed-type hypersensitivity T lymphocyte.
Tec kinase
A family of src-like tyrosine kinases that play a role in
activation of lymphocyte antigen receptors through activation
of PLC-γ. Btk in B lymphocytes, which is mutated
in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) and human
immunodeficiency disease, and ltk in T lymphocytes are
examples of other Tec kinases.
telencephalin
An immunoglobulin superfamily member with nine
immunoglobulin-like domains that is expressed in the
central nervous system. It is a human α 1β 2 ligand that has
a high homology with intercellular adhesion molecule 1
(ICAM-1) (50%) and ICAM-3 (55%) in the first five amino
terminal domains. The clustered location for ICAM-1,
ICAM-3, and telencephalin is on human chromosome
19. Their corresponding α chain receptors are located on
chromosome 16.
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