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TATA 682 T cell antigen receptors
cells leads to synthesis. Tat protein binds to a transcriptional
enhancer in the long terminal repeat of the provirus,
increasing proviral genome transcription. It activates
proviral DNA transcription by interfering with premature
transcription termination. It also facilitates apoptosis of
infected host cells and hinders survival signaling.
TATA
Abbreviation for tumor-associated transplantation antigen.
TATA box
An oligonucleotide sequence comprised of thymidine–
adenine–thymidine–adenine found in numerous genes that
are transcribed often or rapidly.
tat gene
A retrovirus gene found in HIV-1. The Tat transactivating
protein encoded by this gene gains access to the nucleus
and activates viral proliferation. Additional retroviral genes
become activated. Mesenchymal tumors may be induced by
tat genes in experimental animals.
TB
Abbreviation for tuberculosis.
T–B cell cooperation
Cooperation of B cells and helper T cells that leads to B
cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that
synthesize and secrete specific antibody. B cell immunoglobulin
receptors react with protein antigen, followed by
endocytosis, antigen processing, and presentation to helper
T lymphocytes. Their antigen-specific T cell receptors
recognize processed antigen only in the context of major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on
B cell surfaces during antigen presentation. CD4 + helper
T cells secrete lymphokines, including interleukin-2 (IL2),
T cell activation.
that promote B cell growth and differentiation into plasma
cells that secrete specific antibody. T cells are required for
B cells to be able to switch from forming immunoglobulin
M (IgM) to synthesizing IgG or IgA. B and T lymphocytes
recognize different antigens. B cells may recognize peptides,
native proteins, or denatured proteins. T cell recognition
systems are more complex in that a peptide antigen
may be presented to them only in the context of MHC class
II or class I histocompatibility molecules. Hapten–carrier
complexes have been successfully used in delineating the
different responses of B and T cells to each part of this
complex. Immunization of a rabbit or other animal with a
particular hapten–carrier complex will induce a primary
immune response; a second injection of the same conjugate
will induce a secondary immune response. However, linkage
of the same hapten to a different carrier elicits a much
weaker secondary response in an animal primed with the
original hapten–carrier complex. This is termed the carrier
effect. B lymphocytes recognize the hapten, and T lymphocytes
the carrier.
TBI
Abbreviation for total body irradiation.
T cell activation
Response of mature naïve T cells to antigen presented to
them by professional antigen-presenting cells, resulting in
T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation into effector
T cells.
T cell antigen receptors
The two types of T cell antigen receptors are TCR1, which
appears first in ontogeny, and TCR2. TCR2 is a heterodimer
of α and β polypeptides. TCR1 consists of γ and δ