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Tamm–Horsfall glycoprotein (uromodulin) 681 Tat
David Wilson Talmage.
Tamm–Horsfall glycoprotein (uromodulin)
A 616-amino acid glycoprotein that produces immunosuppressive
effects in vitro. It is formed by the kidneys and
contains 30% carbohydrate. It may appear in normal human
urine. In plasma cell dyscrasia patients, it may combine
with Bence–Jones proteins to form multimeric aggregates
that may lead to hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria.
tandem immunoelectrophoresis
A variation of crossed immunoelectrophoresis in which the
material to be analyzed is placed in one well cut in a gel and
a reference antigen is placed in a second well. After electrophoresis
in one direction, it is repeated at a right angle,
driving antigens that have been separated into another gel
containing specific antibodies. Planes of precipitation form
and are observed to determine whether they share identity
with the reference antigen.
tanned red cell test
A passive hemagglutination assay in which red blood cells
are used only as carrier particles for soluble antigens.
Agglutination of the cells by specific antibody signifies a
positive reaction. To render erythrocytes capable of adsorbing
soluble protein antigens to their surfaces, the cells are
treated with a weak tannic acid solution. This promotes cell
surface attachment of the soluble protein antigen.
tanned red cells
The treatment of a suspension of erythrocytes with a
1:20,000 to 1:40,000 dilution of tannic acid that renders
their surfaces capable of adsorbing soluble antigen. They
are widely used as passive carriers of soluble antigens in
passive hemagglutination reactions. By adding toluene diisocyanate,
the protein can become covalently bound to the
red cell surface; however, this is not necessary for routine
hemagglutination reactions.
T antigen
(1) An erythrocyte surface antigen shielded from interaction
with the immune system by an N-acetyl-neuraminic acid
residue. An antibody is formed against this antigen after
bacterial infection has diluted the neuraminic acid residue.
Antibodies produced can cause polyagglutination of red
cells bearing the newly revealed T antigen. (2) Several
90-kDa nuclear proteins that combine with DNA and are
critical in transcription and replication of viral DNA in the
lytic cycle. T antigen participates in the change from early
to late stages of transcription. (3) An epitope that shares
homology at the N terminal sequence with the SV40 virus
T antigen.
T1 antigen
Refer to CD5.
T3 antigen
Refer to CD3.
T4 antigen
Refer to CD4.
T8 antigen
Refer to CD8.
TAP
Abbreviation for transporter of antigen processing. A
heterodimeric protein situated in the rough endoplasmic
reticulum membrane that conveys HSP-chaperoned peptides
from the cytosol into the rough endoplasmic reticulum
lumen where they are loaded onto MHC class I molecules.
It is a critical constituent of endogenous antigen processing
and presentation.
TAP 1 and 2 genes
Refer to transporter in antigen processing (TAP) 1 and 2 genes.
TAPA-1
A serpentine membrane protein that crosses a cell membrane
four times. It is one of three proteins comprising the
B cell coreceptor. It is also call CD81.
tapasin (TAP-associated protein)
A chaperone molecule critical to major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) class I molecule assembly. Tapasin participates
in the assembly of peptide–MHC class I molecule
complexes in the endoplasmic reticulum. It is a rough
endoplasmic reticulum protein that unites TAP and the
MHC class I α chain at two separate binding sites. Believed
to stabilize empty MHC class I heterodimers in a configuration
appropriate for peptide loading. Cells deficient in this
protein have unstable MHC class I cell surface molecules.
tapioca adjuvant (historical)
An immunologic adjuvant consisting of starch granules to
which molecular antigen was absorbed. This permitted the
adjuvant–antigen complex to form a depot in the tissues
from which the antigen was slowly released to stimulate a
sustained antibody response.
Taq polymerase
Thermus aquaticus polymerase. A heat-resistant DNA
polymerase that greatly facilitates use of the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) to amplify minute quantities of DNA
from various sources into a sufficiently large quantity that
can be analyzed.
target cell
A cell that serves as the object of an immune attack mediated
by antibodies and complement or by specific immune
effector T cells, effector NK cells, and other effector cells
and molecules. A target cell must bear an antigen for which
the antigen-binding regions of the antibody molecules or
T cell receptors are specific. Examples include virus-infected
cells that are targets of cytotoxic T cells, leading to target cell
death and the facilitation of antibody synthesis by B cells that
are targets of effector CD4 T helper lymphocytes.
Tat
The transactivator protein product of the tat gene of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It increases the rate of
transcription of viral RNA. Activation of latently infected
T