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Rood, J. J. van 629 Rose–Waaler test
produced a definite reaction was defined as the minimal
reaction dose (MRD). In general, the MRD of a toxin is
equivalent to about 1/250 to 1/500 of the MLD (minimal
lethal dose). The Lr is the smallest amount of toxin that,
after mixing with one unit of antitoxin, will produce a
minimal skin lesion when injected intracutaneously into a
guinea pig.
J.J. van Rood.
Rood, J. J. van
Researcher in The Netherlands who wrote his doctoral
thesis on leukocyte grouping and techniques. He reported
the first two allele systems. He named them 4a and 4b. They
were difficult to define because they were “public antigens”
shared by many molecules. By testing leukocyte alloantibodies
obtained from the sera of a large number of pregnant
women against leukocytes from 100 unrelated donors, he
developed a systematic approach to decipher the complexity
of the HLA system. van Rood and associates described nine
HLA antigens and a diallelic system not linked to HLA
(the Group Five system). Balner and van Rood showed that
leukocyte antigens were transplantation antigens. van Rood
made many contributions to HLA research.
roquinimex
An immunomodulating drug capable of augmenting natural
killer (NK) cell numbers and reactivity and stimulating
various T and B cell functions. It has been used to stimulate
immune function in patients after bone marrow transplants.
By contrast, it prevents relapses of chronic relapsing allergic
encephalomyelitis in animal models of that disease. It also
reduces relapses, disease activity, and disease progression
in multiple sclerosis patients. If confirmed in further studies,
this immunomodulator will have a significant future
role in clinical medicine.
Rose, Noel Richard (1927–)
American immunologist and authority on autoimmune
disease. Rose and Witebsky discovered experimental autoimmune
thyroiditis. Rose’s discovery in the mid-1950s that
rabbits could be immunized to their own thyroid protein
overturned the established dogma of “horror autotoxicus”
and showed unequivocally that autoimmunity could cause
disease. He and Witebsky also demonstrated that patients
with chronic thyroiditis develop similar antibodies to their
own thyroid antigens, implicating autoimmunity as the cause
of this disease. The initial experiments were followed by others
that elucidated the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases
Noel Richard Rose (left) with Ernest Witebsky (right).
in animals and humans. In the 1970s he described the critical
role of genetics in conferring susceptibility to autoimmune
disease and showed that the major histocompatibility
complex includes the major susceptibility gene. In the 1980s,
he demonstrated how virus infections can serve as triggers
for autoimmune heart disease. His discoveries opened the
way to improved treatments and new prevention strategies
for this group of diseases. Rose’s pioneering investigations
initiated the modern era of autoimmune disease research. He
served as a professor of microbiology at the State University
of New York at Buffalo, professor and chair of immunology
and microbiology at Wayne State University, Detroit, and
professor and chair of immunology and infectious diseases at
The Johns Hopkins University. The author of more than 675
articles and chapters and editor of many books and leading
journals, he presently directs The Johns Hopkins Center
for Autoimmune Disease Research and the WHO/PAHO
Collaborating Center for Autoimmune Disorders.
Rose–Waaler test
Sheep red blood cells are treated with a subagglutinating
quantity of rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody. These
particles may be used to identify rheumatoid factor in the
sera of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Agglutination of the
IgG-coated red cells constitutes a positive test and is based
T lymphocyte
CD2
CD2 (ε)
receptor
Sheep
erythrocyte
Adhesion of T lymphocyte and sheep red blood cell.
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