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elative risk (RR) 617 reptile immunity
Relapsing polychondritis.
etiology. Anticollagen antibodies may be demonstrated
in the sera.
relative risk (RR)
Association of a particular disease with a certain HLA antigen.
This represents the chance a person with the diseaseassociated
HLA antigen has of developing the disease
compared with that of a person who does not possess the
antigen. Relative risk is calculated as follows:
p × c
RR =
p × c
+ -
- +
where
p + = number of patients possessing a particular HLA antigen
c – = number of controls not possessing the particular HLA
antigen
p – = number of patients not possessing the particular HLA
antigen
c + = number of controls possessing the particular HLA antigen
The higher the relative risk (above 1), the greater the frequency
of the antigen in the patient population.
relative sibling risk
A comparison of the occurrence of a disease among siblings
with its occurrence in the general population.
released antigen
Antigen derived from trypanosomes during an infection
that may appear in serum. It corresponds to the antigenic
type of the trypanosome infecting the individual.
Remicade ® (infliximab)
A chimeric IgG 1k monoclonal antibody with an approximate
molecular weight of 149,100 Da. It is composed of human
constant and murine variable regions. Infliximab binds
specifically to human tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) with
an association constant of 10 10 M –1 . Infliximab is produced
by a recombinant cell line cultured by continuous perfusion
and is purified by a series of steps that includes measures to
inactivate and remove viruses.
remission
Clinically undetectable disease following treatment.
Remission of a hematopoietic neoplasm is defined as a complete
clinical response at least 4 weeks following therapy.
ReoPro ® (abciximab)
The Fab fragment of the chimeric human murine monoclonal
antibody 7E3. Abciximab binds to the glycoprotein
(GP) IIb/IIIa (α IIbβ3) receptors of human platelets and
inhibits platelet aggregation. It also binds to the vitronectin
(α vβ3) receptors found on platelets and vessel wall endothelial
and smooth muscle cells. The chimeric 7E3 antibody
is produced by continuous perfusion in mammalian cell
culture. The 47,615-Da Fab fragment is purified from cell
culture supernatant by a series of steps involving specific
viral inactivation and removal procedures, digestion with
papain, and column chromatography.
reovirus immunity
Most humans acquire a reovirus-specific antibody response
in infancy or early childhood. Reovirus induces strong
humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Reovirusspecific
antibodies are directed mainly against the outer
capsid protein σ1, yet serum antibodies to other viral proteins
are also induced. Reovirus-specific antibodies to the
σ1 hemagglutinin protein are mainly serotype-specific. By
contrast, reovirus-specific monoclonal antibodies reactive
against other external capsid proteins reveal serotype-nonspecific
neutralizing or hemagglutinin-inhibiting properties.
Reovirus-specific monoclonal antibodies can block
attachment of the virus to host cells and inhibit internalization
and intracellular proteolytic uncoating. Virus-specific
cytotoxic T lymphocytes are also elicited in addition to T
cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions.
The DTH response is serotype-specific, whereas
CDLs are mainly serotype-nonspecific. These viruses may
induce antigen-specific and -nonspecific immunosuppression.
Reoviruses can induce specific T cell responses in
systemic tissues. A virus-specific B cell response occurs
in Peyer’s patches, and a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response
occurs in Peyer’s patches. The ability of reovirus to enter
Peyer’s patches via M cells indicates that these viruses
might be used in a mucosal vaccine.
repeating units
Antigens in which macromolecular configurations are
repeated, such as the repeating units of β-1,4-glucose-β-1,3glucuronic
acid in type III pneumococcus polysaccharide.
Polysaccharide antigens in the cell walls of Gram-negative
bacteria also contain repeating structures. Antigens with
such configurations are often thymus-independent.
repertoire
The total antigenic specificity library generated by B or T
cells in response to a foreign antigen.
replicative senescence
Cell death at the conclusion of its predestined number of
divisions.
reptile immunity
Environmental conditions affect the structures and functional
activities of reptile organs including those of the
immune system. The reptilian thymus is the first lymphoid
organ to develop. It is a bilateral organ lying on both sides
of the neck in lizards and anterior to the heart in snakes.
It is frequently multilobed in turtles. The thymus is well
developed in reptiles collected in nature under the correct
R