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ecombinant vaccine 615 refractory cancer
recombinant vaccine
An immunogen preparation for prophylactic immunization
composed of products of recombinant DNA methodology
prepared by synthesizing proteins employing cloned
complementary DNA.
recombinant vector vaccine
An immunizing preparation in which a vector containing the
DNA that encodes the vaccine antigen enters host cells and
facilitates vaccine antigen translation directly inside them.
recombination-activating genes 1 and 2 (RAG-1 and RAG-2)
Genes that activate immunoglobulin (Ig) gene recombination.
Pre-B cells and immature T cells contain them.
These genes encode RAG-1 and RAG-2 proteins required
for rearrangements of both Ig and T cell receptor (TCR)
genes. In the absence of these genes, no Ig or TCR proteins
are produced, which blocks production of mature T
and B cells.
recombination recognition sequences
DNA sequences situated adjacent to the V, D, and J segments
in antigen–receptor loci that are recognized by the
RAG-1/RAG-2 component of V(D)J recombinase. The
recognition sequences are composed of a highly conserved
seven-nucleotide heptamer situated adjacent to the V, D,
or J coding sequence followed by a nonconserved 12- or
23-nucleotide spacer and a highly conserved non-nucleotide
segment called a nonamer.
recombination signal sequences (RSSs)
Abbreviated stretches of DNA that flank the gene segments
that are rearranged to generate a V region exon.
They consist of a conserved heptamer and nonamer separated
by 12 or 23 base pairs. Gene segments are joined
only if one is flanked by an RSS containing a 12-base pair
spacer and the other is flanked by an RSS containing a
23-base pair spacer. This is referred to as the 12/23 rule
of gene segment joining. Somatic recombination occurs at
these sites.
recombinatorial germline theory
Hypothesis proposed by Dreyer and Bennett postulating
that variable region and constant region immunoglobulin
genes were separated and rejoined in DNA levels. This
concept was an important step toward understanding the
generation of diversity in the production of antibody molecules,
a puzzle finally solved by Tonegawa.
recurring chromosomal translocation
Fusion of part of one chromosome onto part of another.
Most frequently associated with hematopoietic malignancies
and neoplasms of the same cell type.
red cell-linked antigen antiglobulin test
A passive hemagglutination test in which the red cells
serve only as carriers for antigen coated on their surfaces.
The test can identify agglutinating or nonagglutinating
(incomplete) antibodies by the aggregation or clumping of
antigen-bearing red cells. To perform the assay, the test
serum is incubated with red cells treated with antigen.
The cells are then washed and antibody against human
globulin is added.
red marrow
Refer to bone marrow.
red pulp
Areas of the spleen composed of the cords of Billroth
and sinusoids. Vascular sinusoids with interspersed large
numbers of macrophages, erythrocytes, dendritic cells,
a few lymphocytes, and plasma cells comprise red pulp.
Macrophages in the red pulp ingest microorganisms, foreign
particles, and injured red blood cells.
Spleen morphology
Red pulp.
Reed–Sternberg cell.
Red pulp
Touch preparation (Reed–Sternberg cell).
Reed–Sternberg cells
Binucleated giant cells that contain prominent nucleoli,
classically associated with Hodgkin disease. They constitute
a very small percentage of tumor cells in Hodgkin lymphoma.
These large CD30 + B lineage cells have a distinctive
appearance and manifest variable somatic hypermutation in
their immunoglobulin genes.
refractory cancer
A tumor that is not responsive to conventional chemotherapy
or radiation treatment.
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