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ProPO system 596 prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
ProPO system
Prophenoloxidase activating system present exclusively in
higher invertebrates. The coagulation sequence is triggered by
microbial ligands leading to the activation of serine proteases
and hemolymph. The serine proteases split inactive circulating
prophenoloxidase (ProPO) and form active phenoloxidase
(PO), which is an oxidoreductase that acts on phenols to yield
quinines that undergo polymerization nonenzymatically to
produce melanin that covers and paralyzes the microorganism
in a sequence called the melanization reaction.
HOOC
O
OH
Prostacyclin
OH
Prostacyclin, which is released and helps mediate type I hypersensitivity in
tissues.
propylthiouracil
An antithyroid drug that blocks TPO activity.
prostacyclin (PC)
A derivative of arachidonic acid related to prostaglandins.
It has a second five-membered ring. It inhibits aggregation
HOOC
O
Prostacyclin
OH OH
6-oxo-PGF1α
OH O
OH OH
OH
Arachidonic acid
COOH
COOH
COOH
OH
COOH
OH OH
O
OH
OH
Prostaglandin F2α Prostaglandin D2 O
O
O
PGG 2
O
PGH 2
Cyclic endoperoxides
of platelets and is a potent vasodilator. Its actions are the
opposite of the actions of thromboxanes.
prostaglandin (PG)
A family of biologically active lipids derived from
arachidonic acid through the effects of the cycloxygenase
enzyme. Although first described in the prostate gland,
prostaglandins are now recognized in most mammal tissues.
Their hormonal effects include decreasing blood pressure,
stimulating contraction of smooth muscle, regulating
inflammation, blood clotting, and the immune response.
Prostaglandins are grouped on the bases of their substituted
five-membered ring structures. During anaphylactic
reactions mediated by IgE on mast cells, PGD 2 is released,
producing small blood vessel dilation and constriction
of bronchial and pulmonary blood vessels. Mononuclear
phagocytes may release PGE 2 after binding of immune
complexes to Fc′ receptors. Other effects of PGE 2 include
blocking of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class
II molecule expression in T cells and macrophages and
inhibition of T cell growth. PGD 2 and PGE 2 both prevent
aggregation of platelets. Antiinflammatory agents such as
aspirin block prostaglandin synthesis.
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
A marker in serum or tissue sections for adenocarcinoma
of the prostate. PSA is a 33-kDa proteolytic enzyme
found exclusively in benign and malignant epithelium of
the prostate. Men with PSA levels of 0 to 4.0 ng/mL and
OOH
OH+O •
O
COOH
COOH
OH
Prostaglandin E 2
HO
COOH
OH
O
romboxane A 2
OH
romboxane B 2
OH
COOH
OH
C17 Hydroxyacid HHT´
O
O
Malondialdehyde
Cycloxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism which participates in mediation of type I hypersensitivity reactions.
O
O
COOH
COOH