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primary tumor 593 private specificity
primary tumor
The original neoplasm arising from the first transformed cell.
primate (nonhuman) immune system
Nonhuman primates represent the best animal models of
many human diseases based on the resemblance of their
immune system to that of humans. Lymphocyte subsets
of human and nonhuman primates have been shown to be
similar through the use of leukocyte-specific monoclonal
antibodies. Similarities also exist between human and nonhuman
primate major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
and T cell receptor (TCR) genes.
prime boost strategy
A vaccination protocol requiring primary vaccination with a
recombinant vector or naked DNA vaccine with a subsequent
booster injection of a recombinant protein subunit vaccine.
primed
A lymphoid cell or an intact animal exposed once to a
specific antigen that mounts a rapid and heightened response
upon second exposure to the same antigen. Products of the
reaction may be manifested as increased antibody production
or heightened cell-mediated immunity against the antigen.
primed lymphocyte
A lymphocyte that has interacted with an antigen in vivo or
in vitro.
primed lymphocyte test (PLT)
Lymphocytes previously exposed or primed to a certain
antigen in a primary mixed lymphocyte culture divide
rapidly when re-exposed to the same antigen. Using a
primed cell, one can determine whether an unknown cell
possesses the original stimulating antigen. Cells previously
exposed to major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
class II human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) can be used in
HLA typing for HLA-D region antigens. PLT is an assay
for the detection of lymphocyte-associated determinants
(LADs). Lymphocytes donated by a normal person can
serve as responder cells against the antigens of a known cell
type. The test is based on the secondary stimulation of the
primed or sensitized lymphocytes. The original stimulator
serves as a positive control. The response of the sensitized
cell to other cells measured by the incorporation of tritiated
thymidine, by comparison with the control, may suggest
sharing of HLA-D-associated antigens with the original
stimulator cell if high stimulation values result. The HTC
typing procedure, on the other hand, implies an antigenic
determinant shared between the two cell types when there
is little or no response. PLT is a positive typing procedure
and has the advantage that homozygous donor cells are not
required. Primed or sensitized cells can be prepared and
frozen for future use when needed. They can be used to
type unknowns within 24 hours which eliminates the 5 to 6
days necessary for a homozygous cell-typing procedure.
primed lymphocyte typing (PLT)
A method to type for HLA-D antigenic determinants. It
is a type of mixed lymphocyte reaction in which cells
previously exposed to allogeneic lymphocytes of known
specificity can be re-exposed to unknown lymphocytes to
determine their HLA-DP type, for example.
priming
The activation of antigen-specific naïve lymphocytes
following exposure to antigen in an immunogenic form.
Primed lymphocytes develop into either armed effector
cells or into memory cells capable of responding rapidly to
a second exposure to an antigen. The initial interaction of
a naïve lymphocyte with a specific epitope that produces a
primary immune response.
priming dose
The initial dose of an immunogen administered to an animal
for the purpose of inducing an immune response.
Prion.
prion
An infectious particle comprised of a protein with appended
carbohydrate. It is the most diminutive infectious agent
known. The three human diseases in which prions have
been implicated include kuru, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease,
and Gerstmann–Straussler syndrome. Prions have also
been implicated in animal diseases such as sheep and goat
scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, chronic wasting
of elk and mule deer, and transmissible mink encephalopathy.
Prions do not induce inflammation or stimulate
antibody synthesis. They resist formalin, heat, ultraviolet
radiation, and other agents that normally inactivate viruses.
They possess a 28-kDa, hydrophobic glycoprotein particle
that polymerizes, forming an amyloid-like fibrillar structure.
Prions produce disease by changing the conformation of
their normal protein counterparts in the infected host brain.
PRIST
Abbreviation for paper radioimmunosorbent test, a technique
used to assay serum IgE levels. It resembles the
radioimmunoabsorbent test except that filter paper discs
impregnated with anti-human IgE are used in place of
Sephadex ® discs.
private antigen
(1) An antigen confined to one major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) molecule. (2) An antigenic specificity
restricted to a few individuals. (3) A tumor antigen restricted
to a specific chemically induced tumor. (4) A low-frequency
epitope present on red blood cells of fewer than 0.1% of the
population (Pt a , By, Bp a , etc.). (5) Human leukocyte antigen
(HLA) encoded by one allele such as HLA-B27.
private idiotypic determinant
A determinant produced by a particular amino acid
sequence in the immunoglobulin heavy or light chain
hypervariable region of an antibody synthesized by only
one individual.
private specificity
An epitope found on a protein encoded by a single allele;
thus, it is found only on one member of a group of proteins,
such as alloantigens of the major histocompatibility
complex (MHC), even though it may also apply to other
alloantigenic systems.
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