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poison ivy 580 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)
including the organomegaly and the endocrine and pigmentary
changes. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activates
the proopiomelanocortin gene. Both IL1β and TNF-α are
osteoclast-activating factors. The levels of vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF) increase 100-fold. Radiotherapy
of isolated solitary plasmacytomas has proven helpful.
Toxicodendron radicans
Poison ivy.
Contact hypersensitivity induced by exposure to poison ivy.
poison ivy
A plant containing urushiol, a chemical that may induce
severe contact hypersensitivity of the skin in individuals
who come into contact with it. Urushiol is also found in
mango trees, Japanese lacquer trees, and cashew plants. It
is present in Toxicodendron radicans (poison ivy) found in
the eastern United States, in T. diversilobium (poison oak)
found in the western United States, and in T. vernix (poison
sumac) found in the southern United States. Setting fire
to these plants is hazardous because the smoke containing
the chemical may induce tracheitis and pulmonary
edema in allergic individuals. The chemical may remain
impregnated in unwashed clothing and cause reactions in
people who come into contact with it over long periods.
Pentadecacatechol, a potent contact-sensitizing agent in
leaves of the poison ivy plant, is a frequent cause of the
contact hypersensitivity.
poison ivy hypersensitivity
Principally type IV contact hypersensitivity induced by
urushiols, chemical constituents of poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron);
when poison ivy plants containing this chemical
come into contact with the skin, the skin becomes hypersensitive.
The urushiol acts as a hapten by complexing with
skin proteins to induce cellular (type IV) hypersensitivity
on contact. Also called delayed-type hypersensitivity.
pokeweed mitogen (PWM)
A lectin extracted from the pokeweed Phytolacca americana.
It binds carbohydrates and may stimulate human B
and T cells. It has been used to promote B cell growth and
proliferation in tissue culture, leading to immunoglobulin
production. Interleukin-6 (IL6) plays an essential role in
PWM-induced immunoglobulin synthesis.
pol
A retrovirus structural gene that codes for reverse transcriptase.
The structural genes of human immunodeficiency
virus 1 (HIV-1) also include gag and env.
polar cap
Refer to capping.
poliomyelitis vaccines
The three strains of poliomyelitis virus combined into a live
attenuated oral vaccine introduced by Sabin. Replication in
the gastrointestinal tract stimulates effective local immunity
associated with IgA antibody synthesis. Individuals to
be immunized receive three oral doses of the vaccine. The
Sabin vaccine largely replaced the Salk vaccine introduced
in the early 1950s and composed of the three strains of
poliovirus killed with formalin. This vaccine must be
administered subcutaneously.
poliovirus
Picornavirus of the genus Enteroviridae. There are three
polio serotypes. Polio and other enteroviruses are spread
mainly by the fecal–oral route. Poliomyelitis occurs around
the world; however, in the western hemisphere the wildtype
virus has been eliminated by successful vaccines.
poliovirus vaccine inactivated (IPV, injection)
Used to actively immunize infants, children and adults for
prevention of poliomyelitis induced by poliovirus types 1,
2, and 3. The disease produced by these three virus types is
spread by the fecal–oral route but may also be disseminated
by the pharyngeal route. Poliovirus vaccine, inactivated,
leads to the synthesis of neutralizing antibodies against
each of the three types of virus, resulting in protective
efficacy and antibody responses in most children. It induces
secretory antibody (IgA) in the pharynx and gastrointestinal
tract and diminishes pharyngeal excretion of poliovirus
type 1 from 75% of children with neutralizing antibodies
at levels 1:64. The vaccine may also induce herd immunity in
the vaccinated population.
pollen hypersensitivity
Immediate (type I) hypersensitivity that atopic individuals
experience following inhalation of pollens such as ragweed
in the United States. This is an IgE-mediated reaction that
results in respiratory symptoms expressed as hay fever
or asthma. Sensitivity to certain pollens can be detected
through skin tests with pollen extracts.
polyacrylamide gel
A cross linked medium used in SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl
sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and disk gel
electrophoresis techniques for protein and nucleic acid separation.
Varying the porosity of the polymerized and cross
linked acrylamide that forms a gel after solubilization permits
molecules of different sizes and charges to be separated.
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)
Zone electrophoresis that employs a cross linked polyacrylamide
gel used in SDS-PAGE and disk gel electrophoretic
methods. SDS-PAGE is a method to separate
proteins by their molecular weights. Proteins are combined
with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at increased temperature
and with a reducing agent to denature the proteins.
Electrophoresis is carried out in a transparent synthetic
polyacrylamide gel that serves as a molecular sieve.
Migration of the protein is inversely proportional to its
molecular weight. Coomassie blue is used to stain unlabeled