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ankylosing spondylitis 44 antibodies
ankylosing spondylitis
A chronic inflammatory disease affecting the spine, sacroiliac
joints, and large peripheral joints. There is a strong male
predominance with onset in early adult life. The erythrocyte
sedimentation rate is elevated, but subjects are negative for rheumatoid
factor and antinuclear antibodies. Pathologically, there is
chronic proliferative synovitis resembling that seen in rheumatoid
arthritis. The sacroiliac joints and interspinous and capsular
ligaments ossify when the disease advances. The disease has a
major genetic predisposition, as revealed by increased incidence
in selected families. Ninety percent of ankylosing spondylitis
patients are positive for HLA-B27, compared to 8% among
Caucasians in the United States. The HLA-B27 genes may be
linked to genes that govern pathogenic autoimmunity. There
may be increased susceptibility to infectious agents or molecular
mimicry between HLA-B27 and an infectious agent such as
Klebsiella pneumoniae, leading to the synthesis of a crossreacting
antibody. Treatment is aimed at diminishing inflammation
and pain and providing physical therapy.
ANNA
Abbreviation for antineutrophil nuclear antibodies.
annexin (lipocortin)
A protein with a highly conserved core region comprised of
four or eight repeats of about 70 amino acid residues and a
highly variable N terminal region. The core region mediates
Ca 2+ -dependent binding to phospholipid membranes and forms
a Ca 2+ channel-like structure. Physical and structural features
of annexin proteins suggest that they regulate many aspects
of cell membrane function, including membrane trafficking
signal transduction, and cell–matrix interactions. Their actions
resemble some of those of glucocorticoids, including antiinflammatory,
anti-edema, and immunosuppressive effects.
annexin V binding
In normal, nonapoptotic cells, phosphatidylserine (PS) is
segregated to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane.
During early stages of apoptosis, this asymmetry collapses
and PS becomes exposed on the outer surface cells.
Annexin V is a protein that preferentially binds PS in a calcium-dependent
manner. Binding of annexin V, in conjunction
with dye exclusion (e.g., propidium iodide) to establish
membrane integrity, can be used to identify apoptotic cells.
antagonist
Peptide with a sequence closely related to that of an agonist
peptide that inhibits the responses of a cloned T cell line
specific for the agonist peptide; a molecule that inteferes with
the function of a receptor as a consequence of binding to it.
antagonist ligand
A molecule, which when bound to a specific receptor, inhibits
the action of a separate ligand for the same receptor.
antiagglutinin
A specific antibody that interferes with the action of an
agglutinin.
anti-allotypic antibodies
Antibodies specific for allotopes of an immunoglobulin
molecule derived from a member of the same species.
antianaphylaxis
Inhibition of anaphylaxis through desensitization. This is
accomplished by repeated injections of the sensitizing agent
too minute to produce an anaphylactic reaction.
antiantibody
In addition to their antibody function, immunoglobulin
molecules serve as excellent protein immunogens when
inoculated into another species, or they may become
autoantigenic even in their own hosts. The Gm antigenic
determinants in the Fc region of an immunoglobulin G
(IgG) molecule may elicit autoantibodies, principally of the
IgM class, known as rheumatoid factor in individuals with
rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-idiotypic antibodies directed
against the antigen-binding N terminal variable regions of
antibody molecules represent another type of antiantibody.
Rabbit anti-human IgG (Coombs’ test reagent) is an antiantibody
used extensively in clinical immunology to reveal
autoantibodies on erythrocytes.
anti-B and T cell receptor idiotype antibodies
Antibodies that interact with antigenic determinants
(idiotopes) at the variable N termini of the heavy and light
chains comprising the paratope region of an antibody
molecule in which the antigen-binding site is located. The
idiotope antigenic determinants may be situated within the
cleft of the antigen-binding region or located on the periphery
or outer edge of the variable region of heavy and light
chain components. Anti-idiotypic antibodies also block T
cell receptors from antigens for which they are specific.
anti-bcl-2 primary antibody
A mouse monoclonal antibody. The bcl-2 oncoprotein
expression is inhibited in germinal centers where apoptosis
forms a part of the B cell production pathway. In 90% of
follicular lymphomas, a translocation juxtaposes the bcl-2
gene at 19q21 to an immunoglobulin gene, with subsequent
deregulation of protein synthesis and cell proliferation. The
bcl-2 product is considered to act as an inhibitor of apoptosis.
This observation has clinical implications. Distinction
of follicular hyperplasia from follicular lymphoma is a
common problem in histopathology. Reactive follicles show
no staining for bcl-2, whereas the cells in neoplastic follicles
exhibit membrane staining.
anti-BCL-6 (PG-B6p) mouse monoclonal antibody
A monoclonal antibody against bcl-6, a transcriptional
regulator gene that encodes a 706-amino-acid nuclear zinc
finger protein. Antibodies to this protein stain the germinal
center cells in lymphoid follicles, follicular cells and
interfollicular cells in follicular lymphoma, diffuse large
B-cell lymphomas, and Burkitt’s lymphoma, and the majority
of the Reed–Sternberg cells in nodular lymphocytepredominant
Hodgkin disease. In contrast, anti-BCL-6
rarely stains mantle cell lymphoma, and MALT lymphoma
bcl-6 expression is seen in approximately 45% of CD30+
anaplastic large cell lymphomas but is consistently absent in
other peripheral T cell lymphomas.
antibodies
Glycoprotein substances synthesized and secreted by B
lymphoid lineage cells, termed plasma cells, in response to
stimulation with an immunogen. They possess the ability
to react in vitro and in vivo specifically and selectively
with the antigenic determinants or epitopes eliciting
their production or with an antigenic determinant closely
related to the homologous antigen. Antibody molecules
are immunoglobulins found in the blood and body fluids.
Thus, all antibodies are immunoglobulins formed in
response to immunogens. Antibodies may be produced by
hybridoma technology in which antibody-secreting cells
are fused by polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment with
a mutant myeloma cell line. Monoclonal antibodies are
widely used in research and diagnostic medicine and have