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passive immunization 558 Pasteur, Louis (1822–1895)
Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats to dinitrophenol-specific rat reagin
antibody. The diminished size of areas of increased capillary permeability is
a consequence of two-fold serial dilutions of the antibody.
placenta from mother to young or the ingestion of colostrum
containing antibodies by an infant. Antitoxins generated
to protect against diphtheria or tetanus toxins represent a
second example of passive humoral immunity, as used in
the past. The transfer of specifically sensitized lymphoid
cells from an immune to a previously nonimmune recipient
is termed adoptive immunization. The passive transfer of
antibodies in immune serum can be used for the temporary
protection of individuals exposed to certain infectious
disease agents who may be injected with hyperimmune
globulin. No immunological memory is established.
Passive immunization.
passive immunization
The transfer of a specific antibody or sensitized lymphoid
cells from an immune to a previously nonimmune recipient
host. Unlike active immunity that may be of relatively long
duration, passive immunity is relatively brief, lasting only
until the injected immunoglobulin or lymphoid cells have
disappeared. Examples of passive immunization include
(1) the administration of γ globulin to immunodeficient
individuals, and (2) the transfer of immunity from mother to
young (i.e., antibodies across the placenta or the ingestion
of colostrum containing antibodies). The sources of passively
administered antibodies may be human blood donors,
immunized humans or other animals, or hybridoma cell
lines. No immunological memory is established.
passive sensitization
The transfer of antibodies or primed lymphocytes from a
donor previously exposed to antigen to a normal recipient
for the purpose of conveying hypersensitivity from a sensitized
to a nonsensitized individual. The Prausnitz–Küstner
reaction is an example.
passive systemic anaphylaxis
Rendering a normal, previously unsensitized animal susceptible
to anaphylaxis by a passive injection, often intravenously,
of homocytotrophic antibody derived from a sensitized animal,
followed by antigen administration. Anaphylactic shock
occurs soon after the passively transferred antibody and
antigen interact in vivo, releasing the mediators of immediate
hypersensitivity from mast cells of the host.
passive transfer
The transfer of immunity or hypersensitivity from an
immune or sensitized animal to a previously nonimmune
or unsensitized (and preferably syngeneic) recipient animal
by serum containing specific antibodies or by specifically
immune lymphoid cells. The transfer of immunity
by lymphoid cells is referred to as adoptive immunization.
Humoral immunity and antibody-mediated hypersensitivity
reactions are transferred with serum, whereas delayed-type
hypersensitivity, including contact hypersensitivity, is transferred
with lymphoid cells. Passive transfer was used to
help delineate which immune and hypersensitivity reactions
were mediated by cells and which were mediated by serum.
Louis Pasteur.
Pasteur, Louis (1822–1895)
French researcher, the “Father of Immunology,” and one of the
most productive scientists of modern times. Pasteur’s contributions
included the crystallization of L- and O-tartaric acid,
disproving the theory of spontaneous generation; studies of
disease in wine, beer, and silkworms; and the use of attenuated
bacteria and viruses for vaccination against anthrax, fowl cholera,
and rabies. He successfully immunized sheep and cattle