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parasite immunity 555 parietal cell autoantibodies (PCAs)
parasite immunity
The cytokine network is critical in parasitic infection.
Contemporary research is attempting to untangle this complex
network to develop appropriate mechanisms to combat
infections. Partial success has been achieved in attempting
to control the direction of an immune response by incorporating
cytokines into a vaccine against leishmaniasis.
Interleukin-12 (IL12) has been used to prevent granuloma
formation in schistosomiasis. A fine balance must be
maintained between ensuring protection and reducing the
possibilities of counterprotection. The primary concern in
parasitic infections is not to determine whether an immune
response occurs but whether the interaction between parasite
and host will lead to protection or pathological changes
or a combination. It is necessary to determine which antigens
induce protection, how this protection may be induced
artificially, what causes the pathological changes, and how
they may be countered. No commercially available vaccines
against any human parasitic diseases exist, and only a few
against parasites of veterinary importance are available.
parasites
Organisms that derive sustenance from living hosts such as
worms and protozoa. Eukaryotic organisms with several chromosomes
in a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. Includes
single-celled protozoa and multicellular helminth worms that
range in size from a few micrometers to several meters.
parathyroid hormone autoantibodies
Autoantibodies to parathyroid hormone have been observed
in unexplained hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism associated
with normal or increased concentrations of immunoreactive
parathyroid hormone.
paratope
The antigen-binding site of an antibody molecule, the variable
(V) domain, or T cell receptor that binds to an epitope on an
antigen. It is the variable or Fv region of an antibody molecule
and the site for interaction with an epitope of an antigen molecule.
It is complementary for the epitope for which it is specific.
A paratope is the portion of an antibody molecule where
the hypervariable regions are located. There is less than 10%
variability in the light and heavy chain amino acid positions in
the variable regions. There is a 20 to 60% variability in amino
acid sequence in the so-called “hot spots” located at light chain
amino acid positions 29 to 34, 49 to 52, and 91 to 95 and at
heavy chain positions 30 to 34, 51 to 63, 84 to 90, and 101 to
110. Great specificity is associated with this variability and is
the basis of an idiotype. This variability permits recognition of
multiple antigenic determinants.
parenteral
Administration or injection of a substance into the animal
body by any route except the alimentary tract.
parietal cell antibodies
Antibodies present in 50 to 100% of patients with pernicious
anemia (PA) and in 2% of normal individuals. Their
frequency increases with aging and in subjects with insulindependent
diabetes mellitus. The frequency of parietal cell
antibodies diminishes with disease duration in pernicious
anemia. Parietal cell autoantibodies in pernicious anemia
and in autoimmune gastritis recognize the α and β subunits
of the gastric proton pump (H + /K + ATPase) that are the
principal target antigens. Parietal cell antibodies react with
the α and β subunits of the gastric proton pump and inhibit
the acid-producing H + /K + adenosine triphosphatase of the
Pernicious anemia; parietal cell antibody (FITC-labeled).
gastric mucosa. Parietal cell antibodies relate to type A
gastritis, for which fundal mucosal atrophy, achlorhydria,
development of pernicious anemia, and autoimmune endocrine
disease are characteristic.
Gastric parietal cell autoantibody.
Autoantibody: gastric parietal cell + kidney.
parietal cell autoantibodies (PCAs)
Autoantibodies specific for the α and β subunits of the gastric
H + /K + -ATPase (gastric proton pump) that secretes acid into
the stomach lumen and is expressed specifically in gastric
parietal cells. Although parietal cell antibodies can occur in
5% of healthy subjects, they occur in high frequency in pernicious
anemia. They are related to type A gastritis, for which
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