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northern blotting 536 nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)
Large
Small
Cells
Size
Markers
Gel
northern blotting
A method to identify specific mRNA molecules. Following
denaturation of RNA in a particular preparation with
formaldehyde to cause the molecule to unfold and become
linear, the material is separated by size through gel electrophoresis
and blotted onto a natural cellulose or nylon
membrane. This preparation is then exposed to a solution of
labeled DNA probe of complementary sequence for hybridization,
followed by autoradiography. Northern blotting
corresponds to a similar method used for DNA fragments
which is known as southern blotting.
Norvir ®
A peptidomimetic inhibitor of both human immunodeficiency
virus 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 proteases. It is FDAapproved
for the treatment of HIV. The mechanism of
action includes inhibition of HIV protease, rendering the
enzyme incapable of processing the gag–pol polyprotein
precursor that leads to production of noninfectious immature
HIV particles. Ritonavir is the active component.
Gustav Joseph Victor Nossal.
RNA
Rupture in
detergents
Blot to
nitrocellulose
filter
Nossal, Gustav Joseph Victor (1931–)
Australian immunologist whose seminal works concentrated
on antibodies and their formation. He is director
Isolate
RNA
Filter
Northern blotting.
Electrophoretically
separate on the
basis of size on a
denaturing agarose gel
Hybridize to singlestranded
32 p
labeled probe
Location of
gene-specific
gene transcript
(Identify by size)
Autoradiogram
emeritus of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical
Research in Melbourne. (Refer to Antibodies and Immunity,
1969; Antigens, Lymphoid Cells and the Immune Response
[with Ada] 1971.)
notch 1
A molecule that determines cell fate by regulating transcription
through direct associated nuclear transcription
factors. It facilitates T cell development at the expense of B
cell development, DN to DP thymocyte transition, and Th1
differentiation at the disadvantage of Th2 differentiation.
NP (4-hydroxy,3-nitrophenylacetyl)
A hapten used in experimental immunology that exhibits
limited cross reactivity with NIP (4-hydroxy,5-iodo,
3-nitrophenylacetyl).
N region
A brief segment of the variable region of an immunoglobulin
molecule or T cell receptor chain that is not encoded by
germline genes, but instead by brief nucleotide (N) insertions
at recombinational junctions. These N nucleotides
may be present both 3′ and 5′ to the D gene segment of
the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain, as well as at
the V–J, V–D–J, and D–D junctions of the variable region
genes of the T lymphocyte receptor.
N region diversification
In junction diversity, the addition at random of nucleotides
that are not present in the genomic sequence at V–D, D–J,
and V–J junctions. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
(TdT) catalyzes N region diversification, which takes place
in TCR α and β genes and in immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy
chain genes but not in Ig light chain genes.
NSAID (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug)
Used in the treatment of arthritis.
N terminus
The amino end of a polypeptide chain bearing a free
amino–NH 2 group.
nuclear dust (leukocytoclasis)
Extensive basophilic granular material representing karyolytic
nuclear debris that accompanies areas of inflammation
and necrosis, as in leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)
A transcription factor that is a complex of a protein called
NFATc, as it is held in the cytosol by serine/threonine phosphorylation,
and the Fos/Jun dimer termed AP-1. It migrates