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nonresponder 535 normal lymphocyte transfer reaction
nonresponder
An animal that fails to generate an immune response following
antigenic challenge. This may be genetically based,
as in strain 13 guinea pigs that reveal unresponsiveness
to selected antigens based upon genetic factors. Failure of
an individual to generate an immune response to immunogenic
challenge to which other members of the same
species mount a strong immune response is attributable to
failure of expression of an MHC allele capable of presenting
an immunogenic peptide from the foreign protein
immunogen.
nonsecretor
An individual whose body secretions such as gastric juice,
saliva, tears, and ovarian cyst mucin do not contain ABO
blood group substances. Nonsecretors comprise approximately
one fifth of the population and are homozygous for
the se gene.
nonsequential epitopes
Antigenic determinants that are widely separated in the
primary sequence of the polypeptide chain but are near one
another in the tertiary structure of the molecule.
nonspecific esterase (α naphthyl acetate esterase)
An enzyme of mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes
demonstrable by cytochemical staining, which reveals
diffuse granular staining of the cytoplasm of mononuclear
phagocytes that may help to identify them. Some human T
cells are positive for nonspecific esterase but appear as one
or several small localized dots within T cells.
nonspecific fluorescence
Fluorescence emission that does not reflect antigen–
antibody interaction and may confuse interpretation of
immunofluorescence tests. Free fluorochrome or fluorochrome
tagging of proteins other than antibody such as
serum albumin, α globulin, or β globulin may contribute to
nonspecific fluorescence. Nonspecific staining is accounted
for in appropriate controls.
Natural killer (NK) cells
Antibody-dependent cytotoxic cells
K cells
NK cells
Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILS)
Lymphoid cells participating in nonspecific immunity.
nonspecific immunity
Mechanisms such as phagocytosis that nonspecifically
remove invading microorganisms along with the chemical
and physical barriers to infection such as acid in the
stomach and the skin, respectively. Other nonspecific
protective factors include lysozyme, β lysin, and interferon.
Nonspecific or natural immunity does not depend on immunologic
memory. Natural killer cells represent an important
part of the natural immune cell system. Phagocytosis of
invading microorganisms by polymorphonuclear neutrophils
and monocytes represents another important aspect of
nonspecific immunity.
nonspecific suppression
A state induced by soluble molecules released from cells, in
a nonantigen-specific manner, that downmodulate immune
function such as cytokines, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins.
Nonspecific suppressive cell populations such as natural
suppressor (NS) cells may induce suppression through
soluble mediators. Nonspecific suppressive mechanisms
would be of interest for tolerance induction if they could be
induced temporarily during a critical period when an alloreactive
was present.
nonspecific T cell suppressor factor
A CD8 + suppressor T lymphocyte-soluble substance that
nonspecifically suppresses the immune response.
nonspecific T lymphocyte helper factor
A soluble factor released by CD4 + helper T lymphocytes
that nonspecifically activates other lymphocytes.
nonsquamous keratin (NSK)
A marker, demonstrable by immunoperoxidase staining,
that is found in glandular epithelium and adenocarcinomas,
but not in stratified squamous epithelium.
nonsterile immunity
Refer to premunition.
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
A group of drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, gouty
arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. The
drugs are weak organic acids. They block prostaglandin
synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase.
They also interrupt membrane-bound reactions such as
NADPH oxidase in neutrophils, monocyte phospholipase C,
and processes regulated by G proteins. They exert a number
of other possible activities such as diminished generation
of free radicals and superoxides that may alter intracellular
cAMP levels, diminishing vasoactive mediator release from
granulocytes, basophils, and mast cells. NSAIDs include
salicylates and similar drugs that are used to treat rheumatic
disease through their capacity to suppress the signs and
symptoms of inflammation. These drugs also exert antipyretic
and analgesic effects. Their anti-inflammatory properties
make them most useful in the management of disorders
in which pain is related to the intensity of the inflammatory
process. NSAIDs used for special indications include indomethacin
and ketorolac. Gastric irritation caused by some of
the original NSAIDs led to the introduction of newer nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs that include phenylbutazone
and a host of other compounds for use and treatment of such
conditions as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
nontissue-specific antigen
An antigen that is not confined to a single organ but is
distributed in more than one normal tissue or organ, e.g.,
nuclear antigen.
normal cellular antigen (class of TAA)
Overexpression of a normal macromolecule on tumor cells
frequently induced by gene amplification. Refer to tumorassociated
antigen.
normal flora
Refer to commensal microorganisms.
normal lymphocyte transfer reaction
The intracutaneous injection of an individual with peripheral
blood lymphocytes from a genetically dissimilar
allogeneic member of the same species leads to the development
of a local erythematous reaction that becomes most
pronounced after 48 hours. The size of the reaction has
been claimed to qualitatively indicate histocompatibility or
histoincompatibility between a donor and recipient. This
test is not used in clinical practice.
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